Do procrastination questionnaires measure the same thing in help-seeking individuals as in general population? Factorial validity and invariance analyses

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Authors
Kowalski, Joachim
Wiwatowska, Ewa
Pietruch, Magdalena
Browarczyk, Weronika
Michałowski, Jarosław
Wypych, Marek
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Date
2026-05-19
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Personality and Individual Differences
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0191-8869
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2026-05-20
Abstract PL
Abstract EN
Chronic procrastination is increasingly targeted in psychotherapy, necessitating valid measures of procrastination in help-seeking individuals for assessment and to measure intervention outcomes. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used in a sample of help-seeking students with problematic procrastination (n = 1461) on the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS), Aitken Procrastination Inventory (API), and Study Problems Questionnaire (SPQ). We confirmed a three-factor solution for PPS. We did not confirm previously established factor structures for API and decided to explore a one-factor solution (API-R). Additional community student samples (n = 817 and n = 996, respectively) corroborated PPS and API-R factor structures. Invariance analyses demonstrated only configural invariance for both PPS and API-R. Researched measures were validated in a help-seeking sample, suggesting their utility in clinical studies. Current results tentatively suggest that used questionnaires capture different facets of procrastination among students seeking help for their problematic irrational delaying, compared with general student samples, indicating a need for broader research on procrastination as a clinical phenomenon.
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Sustainable Development Goals
SDG 3. Good Health and Well-being ,
SDG 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
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https://share.swps.edu.pl/handle/swps/2354
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closedaccess
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2017/27/B/HS6/03065
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