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- 2026-01-07
Intelligence and executive functioning in adolescence: comparing autism spectrum disorder and typical development
Objective: This study examined the relationship between intelligence and executive functions (EF) in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder without intellectual disability (ASD-WID), focusing on the roles of IQ level, sex differences, and comparisons with typically developing (TD) peers matched for age and IQ. Methods: A total of 214 participants (118 ASD, 96 TD; aged 12–18 years) were assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Color Trails Test (CTT) as measures of planning, cognitive flexibility, and attentional switching. Cognitive ability was assessed using the WISC-R or WAIS-R, yielding full-scale IQ and three cognitive factors: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, and Working Memory/Resistance to Distractors. Four subgroups (ASD/TD × high/low IQ) were created. Because multiple variables deviated from normality, non-parametric statistics were applied, including Mann–Whitney U tests for group comparisons and Spearman’s rho correlations for associations between IQ indices and EF measures. Results: No overall EF differences were found between the ASD and TD groups when matched for age and full-scale IQ. Within the ASD group, higher IQ was associated with better planning and cognitive flexibility on the WCST, but not with attentional switching on the CTT; the same pattern appeared in TD adolescents. High-IQ ASD and high-IQ TD adolescents performed comparably on EF measures, suggesting possible compensatory mechanisms in ASD-WID. In contrast, ASD adolescents with lower IQ showed more perseverative errors than TD peers with similar IQ. Across the entire sample (ASD + TD combined), boys scored higher in perceptual reasoning than girls; however, no sex differences were found when analyses were conducted within the ASD group alone, indicating that the observed effect of sex was driven by the TD subgroup rather than by adolescents with ASD. Perceptual reasoning and non-verbal IQ were the strongest correlates of EF performance. Conclusion: Intelligence—especially perceptual reasoning—plays a key role in EF outcomes in adolescents with and without ASD. High IQ may buffer EF difficulties in ASD-WID, whereas lower IQ is linked to greater executive control difficulties. These findings highlight the need for assessment and interventions tailored to individual cognitive profiles, rather than diagnostic status alone. - 2026-01-19
Exploring the impact of color - coded labeling on consumer perception: the role of positive and negative information in food choice
Recently, the food market has seen growing interest in color-coded nutritional labeling (green, red, yellow) to represent nutrient levels. This shift aims to encourage healthier food choices. However, research shows people tend to give more weight to negative information than positive, even when both are equally intense. This project explored how positive and negative information affect consumers’ perception of food products using color-coded labels. We also compared the impact of verbal and color labeling on consumer choices. While previous studies have focused on how traffic-light labeling influences choices, this study examines the cognitive processes behind these effects. The findings support the effectiveness of color-coded labeling, aligning with the picture superiority effect and positive-negative asymmetry. This research provides valuable insights into consumer behavior and offers practical solutions for addressing issues like obesity, often linked to neglecting nutritional information. - 2026
Borderline personality mediates the link between attachment insecurities and subjective working memory deficits: The role of pre‐emptive and post‐emptive strategies
Individuals with attachment insecurities, particularly attachment anxiety, often report subjective working memory deficits (SWMD). However, the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. In this project, we propose that borderline personality disorder (BPD) features help explain this link. We tested this model across three studies, including one preregistered study, conducted with Russian, Turkish, and Polish samples. In Study 1, both attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted SWMD, with the former effect being stronger than the latter. The indirect effects of attachment anxiety and avoidance on SWMD via BPD were significant, with the former effect being stronger as the latter. Study 2 introduced gaze anxiety as an additional mediator, revealing that attachment avoidance had stronger indirect effects via gaze anxiety, a potential pre-emptive strategy, while attachment anxiety's effect was stronger via BPD, a potential post-emptive pathway. In preregistered Study 3, reflective functioning mediated the associations between attachment insecurities and SWMD, contrary to our moderation hypothesis. Importantly, relationships between attachment anxiety and SWMD remained robust after controlling for personality traits and personality disorders. Results are consistent with the role of different regulatory strategies in explaining how attachment insecurities contribute to subjective cognitive difficulties. - 2026
Anxious aspirations: Attachment anxiety fuels status strivings through intrasexual competition.
Striving for social status is a fundamental human motive, yet individuals vary considerably in their status-seeking tendencies. Drawing on attachment literature and life history theory, we propose that attachment anxiety drives status pursuit through heightened intrasexual competition. Across six preregistered studies (N = 4,456) spanning five countries, we find that attachment anxiety, rather than attachment avoidance, predicts status strivings. This relationship is mediated by intrasexual competition—competing with same-sex rivals—rather than, as previously documented, by materialism or general competitiveness. Experimental evidence confirms causality: Inducing attachment anxiety increases the desire for high-status cars and houses through heightened intrasexual competition. A moderation-of-process design demonstrates that experimentally manipulating intrasexual competition correspondingly enhances or reduces the effect of attachment anxiety on status strivings but only for high-status possessions. These effects hold for both men and women. Our findings show that anxiously attached individuals pursue status to compensate for relational insecurities, and they do so by competing with same-sex rivals. This research extends attachment theory to status pursuit and clarifies whether, when, and why individual differences in attachment patterns predict people’s status strivings. - 2025-07-17
Motivation for physical activity during PE classes at different stages of education: Polish adaptation and psychometric verification of Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 2
Problem statement: Motivation to participate in Physical Education classes (PE) is one of the key factors determining a young person’s active lifestyle later on in their life. The aim of the study was a Polish adaptation and psychometric verifi cation of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 2 developed by Markland and Tobin to measure motivation for participating in physical exercise, but also to adapt it to measure motivation for PE classes. The level of motivation to take part in PE was checked for sex, stage of education, and participation in professional sports activity. Approach: The sample consisted of 1255 primary, middle and secondary school students (56% girls, Mage=14.76±2.43). EFA, CFA, correlation and reliability analysis, as well as comparisons across groups were performed. Results: Exploratory and confi rmatory factor analyses showed that the structure of the BREQ 2-WF is consistent with the assumptions of Self-Determination Theory, and the Polish version of the tool obtained a reliability which permits its application to research and diagnostic purposes. It was also found that while the stage of education increased, the level of autonomous forms of motivation to exercise during PE classes decreased, with the level of amotivation increasing at the same time. The boys and students who participated in professional sports exhibited higher levels of autonomous motivation than the girls and physically inactive students. Conclusions: The results indicate the need to revise PE teaching methods, in particular at higher education stages. It is worth considering the promotion of the tool among PE teachers to facilitate students’ motivation for physical activity.
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- 2024-05-24
Psychologia społeczna. Wydanie drugie zaktualizowane
Nowa wersja podręcznika Psychologia społeczna ukazuje się w 14 lat po jego pierwszej edycji. Później było wiele wydań, bo podręcznik zyskał powszechne uznanie wykładowców i studentów. To wydanie jednak zasadniczo różni się od poprzednich. Współautorem został Tomasz Grzyb. W tomie przybyło wiele nowych fragmentów, niektóre kwestie zaktualizowano bądź opatrzono dodatkowymi komentarzami, odwołując się do świeżej literatury. Przede wszystkim zmienił się świat dookoła nas, pojawiły się nowe zjawiska, jak na przykład światowa pandemia COVID-19 i wraz z tym potrzeba odniesienia się do jej psychologicznych konsekwencji, a o wielu zjawiskach, którymi zajmuje się psychologia społeczna wiemy dziś więcej niż kilkanaście lat temu. Nie pozostało to bez wpływu na sam podręcznik – jego nowa, zmodyfikowana i przeredagowana treść lepiej oddaje charakter zmieniającej się, choć ciągle tak samo fascynującej dziedziny, jaką jest psychologia społeczna. Profesorowie Bogdan Wojciszke i Tomasz Grzyb, psychologowie o światowej renomie, napisali podręcznik do psychologii społecznej, jakiego jeszcze w Polsce nie było. Książka obejmuje wszystkie klasyczne zagadnienia składające się na tę dyscyplinę oraz zagadnienia relatywnie nowe, takie jak kwestie różnic płci, nowych mediów, społeczeństwa sieci, miłości i władzy. Napisana jasnym i barwnym językiem skupia się na prawidłowościach rządzących ludzką psychiką i postępowaniem. Pokazuje, w jak fascynujący sposób psychologia społeczna odpowiada na pytanie, kim jest człowiek i na czym polega jego społeczna natura. Wcześniejsze wydania tej książki stały się fundamentem dydaktyki akademickiej na kierunku psychologia. - 2025-08-11
What Puppygirls Know? The (in)Human Pedagogy of a Trans Feminine Style
‘Puppygirls’ is a name for a particular kinky trans feminine lesbian style, rooted in the long history of trans erotic productions, and currently thriving on social media platforms, such as Twitter (now X), Bluesky, or Discord. In this article, I provide an analysis of the style that is rooted in personal immersion in ‘puppygirl culture’. Using several examples of puppygirl media productions, I argue for the possibility of reading the puppygirl style as a critical practice: one that hints at ways of being trans that do rely on the ciscentric understanding of ‘the human’ as their point of reference. In doing so, I show how puppygirl style resonates with theoretical interventions in the field of trans studies offered by scholars such as Susan Stryker and Talia Mae Bettcher. - 2024-06
The Big Three Perfectionism Scale: Validation of the Polish Version
The Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS) was created to integrate different aspects of perfectionism, including the newly conceptualized concept of narcissistic perfectionism. The goal of our two studies (N = 1341) was to examine the psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the BTPS, supporting the validity and portability of the measure. The studies were conducted among people who had a child, thus contributing to a better understanding of parental perfectionism, one of the key factors influencing parental well-being and a child’s functioning. Our analyses included investigating the structure of the scale, intercorrelations between subscales, reliability, and convergent validity by correlating BTPS scores with other measures of perfectionism and correlates of psychopathology (borderline symptoms) and parental difficulties (parental stress and parental burnout). Results supported the structure of the original BTPS. As predicted, confirmatory factor analysis indicated that items comprising the Polish adaptation of the questionnaire, like the original version, measure three related but specific aspects of perfectionism: rigid perfectionism, self-critical perfectionism, and narcissistic perfectionism. The three dimensions were also found to be specifically related to the difficulties experienced by parents. Further, the Polish version of the BTPS was found to have good internal reliability and validity. Our results from two independent Polish samples suggest that the Polish version of the BTPS is a psychometrically robust measure of perfectionism for assessing the three perfectionism factors. Rural protest 2012-2022
The database contains occurrences of collective acts of rural protest. It contains a catalogue of all publicly registered rural collective protests events in 2012–2022—a universe. Definition Rural is defined as either 1. occurring within a rural area; or 2. involving rural actors (groups or organizations based in rural communities; or 3. pertaining to issues specific to the countryside, rural life, rural issues, agriculture or the natural environment. “Public” is understood to mean an action which is reported in at least one source. “Collective” is an action undertaken by at least three people. A collective public event is an act of protest if it is undertaken to articulate certain specified demands and is not a routine or legally prescribed behaviour of a social or political organization and whose form deviates from the routinely accepted way of voicing demands. Demands are “articulated” when the participants (whether organized or not) turn to institutions, organizations and enterprises, both public and private, and: express demands addressed at the public. A single protest event may include the activity of several separate groups or organizations. Unit of analysis The unit of analysis combines information derived from a series of articles from all the analysed publications dealing with one particular protest event or with a series of activities which can be defined as a single collective public protest event. Sources The methodology was used to collect information from sectoral (agricultural) and local sources. The sources of information are media which focus their reporting on rural affairs and the countryside. Their content was stored by and commissioned from a specialized company. Full list of queried outlets: aerisfuturo.pl; agri24.pl; agrobiznespark.pl; agrodziennik.pl; agrofakt.pl; agrofoto.pl; agroindustry.pl; agrolok.pl; agropasja.tv; agropolska.pl; agroprofil.pl; agrosukces.pl; agro-technika.pl; akademiarzepaku.pl; arimr.gov.pl; atrexpress.com.pl; bagna.pl; besthunters.pl; bezpluga.pl; biogardena.pl; biuroprasowe.pl; biznes-ogrodniczy.pl; braclowiecka.pl; bronisze.com.pl; carnivores.eu; cenyrolnicze.pl; chronmyklimat.pl; ciee-gda.pl; cire.pl; co valgarden.pl; darzbor24.pl; dinoanimals.pl; dlafarmera.pl; dlaflorystow.pl; dobre-traktory.pl; doplaty.pl; drwal. net.pl; dzienniklesny.pl; dziennikrolniczy.pl; dzikiezycie.pl; ecocafe.eu; ecocafe.pl; ecoekonomia.pl; econews.pl; ecoportal.com.pl; ecopress.pl; e-gospodarkaodpadami.pl; ekodostawcy.pl; ekoedu.com.pl; ekoexpo.pl; ekogroup.info; ekoinfo.pl; ekolas.mtp.pl; ekologia.pl; ekologiawpolsce.pl; ekologo.pl; eko-net.pl; ekonews.com. pl; ekooszczedni.pl; ekopolityka.pl; ekoportal.gov.pl; ekoquchnia.pl; eko-unia.org.pl; eko-uprawy.pl; elpiro.pl; energiapress.pl; e-odpady.com; e-warzywnictwo.pl; fajnyogrod.pl; fakt.pl; fanipogody.pl; floryscipolscy.pl; forest-monitor.com; forum-mleczarskie.org; fresh-market.pl; fundacjamare.pl; gartija.pl; gazeta.pl; gazetalesna. pl; gdos.gov.pl; gospodarz.tv; green-news.pl; greenpolska.com; green-projects.pl; gridw.pl; grupyogrodnicze.pl; ibles.pl; inspekty.pl; instytutoze.pl; i-rolnik.pl; izbamleka.pl; izbarolnicza.pl; kalendarzrolnikow.pl; kfpz.pl; kobietawsadzie.pl; kololesnikow.pl; kowr.gov.pl; krir.pl; laspolski.pl; lasy-prywatne.pl; losyziemi.pl; love lygarden.pl; lowiecpolski.pl; magazynbiomasa.pl; maszynydlafarmera.pl; miastonaplus.pl; min-pan.krakow.pl; moj-ogrodnik.pl; mojpieknyogrod.pl; motofarmer.pl; naszarola.pl; naszaziemia.pl; natgeokids.pl; natura2000. gdos.gov.pl; natura2000.org.pl; naukadlaprzyrody.pl; naukaoklimacie.pl; nawozy.eu; newslink.com.pl; nfosigw. gov.pl; nowoczesnafarma.pl; nowoczesnerolnictwo.info; nowydzialkowiec.pl; odpady.net.pl; ogrodwmiescie.pl; oikos.tv; okiemrolnika.pl; onoze.pl; opryskiwacze.info; otwarteklatki.pl; owk.pl; ozeon.com.pl; piorin.gov.pl; pir.home.pl; podoslonami.pl; polskawies24.pl; polskialarmsmogowy.pl; polskierolnictwo.pl; polskiesadownictwo.pl; poluje.pl; pomyslnaogrod.pl; poradnikogrodniczy.pl; portalhodowcy.pl; portalwysokichplonow.pl; ppr.pl; przedsiebiorcarolny.pl; przyrodnicze.org; puszcza.tv; pzlow.pl; raportrolny.com; recykling.pl; rolnictwo. com.pl; rolniczeabc.pl; rolnikinfo.pl; rolnikpolski.pl; rp.pl; sad24.pl; sadinfo.pl; sadnowoczesny.pl; sadownictwo. com.pl; sadyogrody.pl; salamandra.org.pl; sitlid.pl; smoglab.pl; sozosfera.pl; spalarnie-odpadow.pl; sprh.pl; srodowisko.pl; strefaagro.pl; swiatoze.pl; swiatrolnika.info; swietodrzewa.pl; targilesne.pl; teraz-srodowisko.pl; tpl.org.pl; traktory.info.pl; tvagro.pl; twojapogoda.pl; tygodnik-rolniczy.pl; tylkoprzyroda.pl; uprawypolowe.pl; warzywa.pl; warzywaiowoce.pl; warzywapolowe.pl; werandacountry.pl; wiescirolnicze.pl; wiz.pl; wlaczoszcze dzanie.pl; wody.gov.pl; wprost.pl; wspolnytrakt.pl; wwf.pl; wymarzonyogrod.pl; zagoramizalasami.org; zagroda nowa.pl; zakochaniwkwiatach.pl; zepak.com.pl; zielonagospodarka.pl; zielonasiec.pl; zielonewiadomosci.pl; zielonewydarzenia.pl; zielonyogrodek.pl; zlpwrp.pl; zpppn.pl; zycierolnika.pl
