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Generalization of dysregulated empathy from significant others to acquaintances links attachment insecurity to social anxiety disorder
The psychological mechanisms linking attachment insecurity to social anxiety disorder (SAD) are not fully understood. We propose an empathy-based schema generalization model, positing that the association between attachment insecurity and SAD is explained by dysregulated empathy toward significant others, with these patterns generalizing to new relationships. Across four studies (N = 952) with international, Turkish, and Polish samples (including a clinical group), participants brought to mind a significant other and an acquaintance before reporting empathy toward each. For attachment anxiety, the association with SAD was sequentially mediated by higher personal distress toward a significant other and lower self-compassion. For attachment avoidance, the association was mediated by lower empathic concern toward a significant other. Crucially, these mediational pathways were specific to significant others and held after adjusting for empathy toward acquaintances. Supporting the generalization hypothesis, attachment insecurities were associated with empathy toward acquaintances indirectly, through their association with empathy toward significant others. In the clinical sample, the indirect effect of attachment avoidance on SAD via empathic concern toward a significant other was moderated by self-compassion and socioeconomic status, revealing a key boundary condition. This research illuminates how relational schemas of empathy, rooted in close bonds, are linked to social fears.- 2026-02-14
Tipping to the top? Three conceptual replications on tipping tendencies in the non-WEIRD world
Purpose: Most tipping studies from actual field settings have been conducted in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, typically in the United States (US). Because tipping practices are culturally contingent, the current research sought test the applicability of former findings in a different cultural context. To this end, we examined the replicability of US-based tipping studies in the majority world—where most people live—through three conceptual replications conducted in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach: We carried out three field experiments (Ntotal = 694 dining parties corresponding to 1,737 consumers) as conceptual replications of published US-based tipping studies. Dining parties either received a blank check or a check with (a) the words ‘Thank you’ added, with or without the server’s name included (Study 1); (b) a ‘smiley’ drawn (Study 2); or (c) the words ‘Wish you a sunny day’ written (Study 3). Tip amount, tip percentage, and tip likelihood were analyzed depending on the assigned condition of the dining parties. Findings: Across studies, most dining parties engaged in tipping irrespective of treatment. However, compared to receiving a blank check, tip amounts and tip percentages significantly increased by receiving a check with (a) the words ‘Thank you’ added, especially when the server’s name was included (Study 1); (b) a ‘smiley’ drawn (Study 2); and (c) the words ‘Wish you a sunny day’ written (Study 3). Tip percentages were considerably lower than those reported in former US-based studies. In fact, the conditions with the highest tip percentages in the current studies fell far below the conditions with the lowest tip percentages in the original studies (i.e., the control conditions), indicating cross-cultural variability in certain tipping tendencies. Research limitations/implications: The present studies generalize prior results in a different cultural context. From a managerial viewpoint, this research attests to the robustness and replicability of seemingly subtle tipping strategies, documenting that small details can benefit servers and possibly also the restaurants in which they operate. Practical implications: Managers in the service and hospitality sectors can use the results reported herein to train and educate their employees in ways that generate practically relevant and economically significant boosts in customers’ tip amounts and tip percentages. Originality/value: Studies 1-3 replicate some of the main results from prior research in another part of the world, with different cultural values and norms. Importantly, however, some results clearly diverged from prior findings, suggesting that certain tipping tactics may be contextually sensitive and, hence, might not generalize from WEIRD societies to other cultures. Considering repeated calls for more generalizable theories, these results add nuance to the tipping literature. - 2026-04
The energy island: Texan collective narcissism predicts support for energy isolationism
This research examined whether state-level collective narcissism, a belief that one's state is exceptional and entitled to special treatment, predicts support for policies that prioritize state independence even if they harm fellow residents. Three pre-registered studies focused on controversies around the independent power grid in Texas, which has been linked to major power shortages in the state. In Study 1 (N = 223), Texan collective narcissism was strongly linked to support for energy isolationism. Study 2 (N = 217) replicated this finding, even when costs were emphasized, but the effect was weaker for those who supported the state Governor. In Study 3 (N = 543), emphasizing personal costs of energy isolationism reduced support for grid independence among those high in collective narcissism. This finding suggests that self-related motives might be behind the appeal of isolationist policies for those high in collective narcissism. The effects we observed were similar even when adjusting for political beliefs and regional identification (Studies 1–3), national narcissism and identification (Study 2), as well as individual narcissism and self-esteem (Study 3). These studies highlight the role of narcissistic regional identity in policy preferences. - 2026-03
Mobile health cycling: How Eastern European amateur cycling enthusiasts frame their experiences with Zwift and Strava
Amateur cycling enthusiasts are increasingly engaged in digital media ecosystems that serve as mediating platforms for both indoor and outdoor cycling activities. The rationale for using particular solutions, technological affordances of the platforms and social media discourses all actively shape cycling narratives. This study critically examines practices associated with the Zwift and Strava platforms among a selected group of Eastern Europeans, based on an extended online questionnaire with open and closed questions (n = 80) and individual in-depth interviews (n = 10). Auxiliary data features analysis of social media and YouTube content closely related to the questionnaire's respondents. Building on the notions of mHealth technologies, the findings include an in-depth analysis of four main frames of reference emerging from the analyzed discourses on amateur cycling: social, hardcore, exploration, and training.
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- 2024-05-24
Psychologia społeczna. Wydanie drugie zaktualizowane
Nowa wersja podręcznika Psychologia społeczna ukazuje się w 14 lat po jego pierwszej edycji. Później było wiele wydań, bo podręcznik zyskał powszechne uznanie wykładowców i studentów. To wydanie jednak zasadniczo różni się od poprzednich. Współautorem został Tomasz Grzyb. W tomie przybyło wiele nowych fragmentów, niektóre kwestie zaktualizowano bądź opatrzono dodatkowymi komentarzami, odwołując się do świeżej literatury. Przede wszystkim zmienił się świat dookoła nas, pojawiły się nowe zjawiska, jak na przykład światowa pandemia COVID-19 i wraz z tym potrzeba odniesienia się do jej psychologicznych konsekwencji, a o wielu zjawiskach, którymi zajmuje się psychologia społeczna wiemy dziś więcej niż kilkanaście lat temu. Nie pozostało to bez wpływu na sam podręcznik – jego nowa, zmodyfikowana i przeredagowana treść lepiej oddaje charakter zmieniającej się, choć ciągle tak samo fascynującej dziedziny, jaką jest psychologia społeczna. Profesorowie Bogdan Wojciszke i Tomasz Grzyb, psychologowie o światowej renomie, napisali podręcznik do psychologii społecznej, jakiego jeszcze w Polsce nie było. Książka obejmuje wszystkie klasyczne zagadnienia składające się na tę dyscyplinę oraz zagadnienia relatywnie nowe, takie jak kwestie różnic płci, nowych mediów, społeczeństwa sieci, miłości i władzy. Napisana jasnym i barwnym językiem skupia się na prawidłowościach rządzących ludzką psychiką i postępowaniem. Pokazuje, w jak fascynujący sposób psychologia społeczna odpowiada na pytanie, kim jest człowiek i na czym polega jego społeczna natura. Wcześniejsze wydania tej książki stały się fundamentem dydaktyki akademickiej na kierunku psychologia. - 2025-08-11
What Puppygirls Know? The (in)Human Pedagogy of a Trans Feminine Style
‘Puppygirls’ is a name for a particular kinky trans feminine lesbian style, rooted in the long history of trans erotic productions, and currently thriving on social media platforms, such as Twitter (now X), Bluesky, or Discord. In this article, I provide an analysis of the style that is rooted in personal immersion in ‘puppygirl culture’. Using several examples of puppygirl media productions, I argue for the possibility of reading the puppygirl style as a critical practice: one that hints at ways of being trans that do rely on the ciscentric understanding of ‘the human’ as their point of reference. In doing so, I show how puppygirl style resonates with theoretical interventions in the field of trans studies offered by scholars such as Susan Stryker and Talia Mae Bettcher. - 2024-06
The Big Three Perfectionism Scale: Validation of the Polish Version
The Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS) was created to integrate different aspects of perfectionism, including the newly conceptualized concept of narcissistic perfectionism. The goal of our two studies (N = 1341) was to examine the psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the BTPS, supporting the validity and portability of the measure. The studies were conducted among people who had a child, thus contributing to a better understanding of parental perfectionism, one of the key factors influencing parental well-being and a child’s functioning. Our analyses included investigating the structure of the scale, intercorrelations between subscales, reliability, and convergent validity by correlating BTPS scores with other measures of perfectionism and correlates of psychopathology (borderline symptoms) and parental difficulties (parental stress and parental burnout). Results supported the structure of the original BTPS. As predicted, confirmatory factor analysis indicated that items comprising the Polish adaptation of the questionnaire, like the original version, measure three related but specific aspects of perfectionism: rigid perfectionism, self-critical perfectionism, and narcissistic perfectionism. The three dimensions were also found to be specifically related to the difficulties experienced by parents. Further, the Polish version of the BTPS was found to have good internal reliability and validity. Our results from two independent Polish samples suggest that the Polish version of the BTPS is a psychometrically robust measure of perfectionism for assessing the three perfectionism factors. - 2023-06-09
Fantazje o byciu podawaną z rąk do rąk. Transkobiece marzenia o uprzedmiotowieniu jako mechanizm produkcji płci
This article is an attempt at the analysis of the relationship between trans feminine fantasies of extreme, sadomasochistic objectification in sexual relations, and social means of the production of gender. Using mixed methods (literary ana-lysis, autotheory, and feminist critique) it situates the problem of sadomasochism and trans femininity within the context of patriarchal gender norms, but also within the context of the desire to embody these norms as a form of a gender affirmation. Rejecting trans-exclusionary proposals, it suggests the possibility to understand the trans feminine romance with objectification as an intentional strategy for seizing the means of the production of gender. However, to understand those strategies, one must look beyond frameworks which portray agency as being founded on a com-plete exclusion of submissiveness.
