The aim of this article is to analyze the evolution of American media’s attitude toward self-regulation from the recommendations presented by the Commission on Freedom of the Press (the Hutchins Commission) to the present day. The author posits that, over time, the media’s initial skepticism towards self-regulation mechanisms has transformed into a form of engagement. The research process involved content analysis of primary sources (American press from the 1940s, the Commission’s report), a systematic literature review, and data analysis from journalistic organizations. The study’s conclusions address the nature of changes in the media’s stance on self-regulation and the factors that directly led to these changes. The findings of this analysis also contribute to the broader discussion on the need to build an effective media self-regulation system in Poland.
Purpose: The study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Polish version of the identity leadership inventory (ILI) proposed by Steffens, Haslam, Reicher et al. (2014) and to confirm the relationship between identity leadership and various job-related outcomes (i.e., trust in leaders, job satisfaction, work engagement and turnover intentions) among employees from Poland-based organizations. Identity leadership appears to be a universal construct (van Dick, Ciampa, & Liang, 2018) but no one has studied it in Poland so far.
Design/methodology/approach: The sample consisted of 1078 employees collected in two independent subsamples from different organizations located in Northern and Central Poland. We evaluated the ILI’s factorial structure using confirmatory factor analysis.
Findings: The results confirm that the 15-item Polish version of the ILI has a four-dimensional structure with factors representing prototypicality, advancement, entrepreneurship and impresarioship. It showed satisfactory reliability. The identity leadership inventory-short form (four items) also showed a good fit with the data. As expected, the relationships between identity leadership and important work-related outcomes (general level of job satisfaction, work engagement, trust toward the leader and turnover intentions) were also significant.
Originality/value: Despite the cultural specifics of Polish organizations, the research results were generally very similar to those in other countries, confirming the universality of the ILI as shown in the Global Identity Leadership Development project (GILD, see van Dick, Ciampa, & Liang, 2018; van Dick et al., 2021).
Objectives
The aim of the study was to translate and validate the Polish version of the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes (CompACT). This is a self-report questionnaire used to assess psychological flexibility, including three scales: Openness to Experience, Behavioral Awareness, and Valued Action.
Methods
A total of 791 individuals (423 women; 53.5%) aged 18-84, participated in the study. Additional data was gathered on life-satisfaction, the level of depression, anxiety, and stress, psychological inflexibility, cognitive fusion, contact with present moment, self-perception, committed action, and valued living as the source of theoretical validity.
Results
The internal structure of the full 23-item version was not confirmed (analogically as in the studies on the original version), mostly due to the lower factor loading of Openness to Experience scale. The internal structure of the shorter 18-item version of the CompACT was confirmed, and a new 9-item version was proposed. Both versions exhibited good psychometric properties, incremental validity, and measurement invariance across gender.
Conclusions
CompACT-18 and CompACT-9 provide reliable and valid tools to measure psychological flexibility and its three components.
The current article examines whether international criminal tribunals (ict) can be regarded as actors of international relations, which trigger domestic policy changes in countries under their jurisdiction. Drawing on the concepts of ‘third party enforcement’ and ‘credible commitment’ theory, the study examines ict cases during which an ict carried out investigations and prosecutions against the will of the respective sitting government. Based on field research from seven states and three tribunals, the authors present some counterintuitive conclusions. Limited institutional reforms did take place; they can at least partly be attributed to ict decisions and they proved more sustainable in autocratic states than in some democratic ones. Independence from the organizations and states which created the tribunals does not always help tribunals to carry out their mission; it rather strengthens their actorness and influence if they enjoy their founders’ strong support but keep distance to the countries in which they investigate.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
The role of this chapter is to show the specifics of freedom of association in Poland. Therefore, in addition to analysing the normative layer, it includes references to the historical state of the law and the practice of interpreting and operationalising this freedom. Through the presentation of legal provisions, I wish to show the local (“domestic”) specificity and situate it in the broader context of the system of constitutional liberal democracy embodied by the 1997 Constitution currently in force in Poland. The operationalisation of freedom of association will be presented on the basis of selected institutions of three particularly relevant statutes: the Law on Associations, the Act on Political Parties and the Act on Trade Unions.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
