Two amendments, enacted in recent years, to the Civil Code’s provisions on the limitation of claims – the first one extending the limitation period until the end of a given calendar year, and the second one replacing the interruption of the limitation period with its suspension, when before the lapse of such period a motion was submitted to initiate the settlement proceedings – brought to life the interpretational problems discussed in this article.
The author refers polemically to some attempts to eliminate those problems, considering such attempts to be unconvincing. He also believes that the most efficient remedy would be to delete the second sentence of Article 118 of the Civil Code, which provision – in the author’s opinion – generates new and redundant interpretational problems, while not contributing to solving those which the legislator attempted to mitigate.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
Financial decision-making often requires numerical reasoning. For example, monetary lotteries—a common paradigm in economic psychology—demand evaluation of payoffs and probabilities. To make choices consistent with normative standards such as Expected Value (EV), individuals must perform accurate calculations. However, limited numerical skills often hinder EV-consistent choices and reduce potential earnings. This study tested whether brief interventions could improve financial decision-making and subsequent emotional responses, defined as lower negative emotions and/or higher positive emotions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Control, Calculation, or Calculation & Estimation. In the Control condition, participants made choices in ten monetary lotteries. In the Calculation condition, they received instructions on computing EV prior to the task. In the Calculation & Estimation condition, participants were additionally trained in estimation strategies designed to simplify computations. Although overall group differences did not reach statistical significance (p < .05), planned comparisons showed that participants in the Calculation condition made significantly more EV-consistent choices than those in the Control condition. Exploratory analyses further revealed that deliberation time mediated the link between condition and EV-consistent choices: participants in both intervention groups spent more time deliberating, which in turn contributed to improved financial outcomes. Individual differences also played a role: objective numeracy predicted more EV-consistent choices, both numeracy and math attitudes predicted deliberation time, and trait math anxiety predicted stronger negative emotional reactions. In sum, the findings suggest that teaching EV calculation can promote deliberation and support more rational economic choices, even through brief interventions.
Understanding what motivates individuals to engage in sustainable behavior is essential for advancing sustainable development goals (SDGs). Drawing on the cybernetic model of behavior regulation, this research investigates how the perceived gap between one’s desired level of societal progress towards sustainability and the current societal reality stimulates individuals’ action toward sustainability. Across two studies, we found that individuals’ desired state—not the current state—was the strongest predictor of both their willingness (Study 1) and actual engagement (Study 2) in sustainable behavior. Interestingly, individuals remained highly motivated to act sustainably even when SDGs were perceived as largely achieved. These effects extended beyond environmental concern to two other SDGs: health promotion and public safety. This suggests that, within the context of our studies, sustainable behavior seems to be meaningfully driven by personal goal alignment rather than current goal achievement in a society alone. Our findings offer a novel application of the cybernetic model to sustainable behavior and highlight the importance of interventions that connect sustainable actions with individuals’ personal values, aspirations, and identity. For policymakers and practitioners, this implies that fostering a sense of personal ownership and relevance of SDGs may be more effective than emphasizing societal progress alone.
Not much has been written on the „nature” of a guaranty contract, while many refer to a „guaranty” while addressing contracts which are not necessarily such. This happens in particular in the case of contracts to procure a determined state of affairs – these are not guaranty contracts, but „result-based contracts”, the non-performance of which is subject to ex contractu liability based on statutory general terms.
The article refers critically to the view that ex contractu liability for failure to procure the result stipulated in the contract arises irrespective of the debtor’s fault, e.g. even when the debtor acted with due diligence.
In turn, the „nature” of a guaranty contract is not that the debtor is expected to achieve the result identified therein but that the debtor is to render performance stipulated for the event when such result does not materialise – without, however, the debtor’s duty to procure that it does.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
Contractual indemnities, i.e. the agreements obligating contractually to redress damage, are legal constructs of Anglo-American origin, whose reception to a domestic forum invites thoughts about the correctness and suitability of such reception, or wider – whether such agreements offer to the entities to be protected thereby more than guaranty contracts could offer.
In the author’s opinion – they do not; moreover, the limitations inherent in the compensatory nature of contractual indemnities cause that what could be achievable through the application of a guaranty contract is not available when the interested parties make use of an indemnity contract.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
