Objectives: Pediatric eating behavior and psychological adjustment may be related to family food-related attitudes. This cross-sectional study examined associations between parental and child food neophobia (FN) in South Korean parent–child dyads and evaluated whether child FN statistically mediated associations between parental FN and child eating-behavior and psychological-symptom indicators. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 300 parent–child dyads aged 6–12 years recruited through community mental health and counseling centers. Parent-reported FN, CEBQ indicators, and PSC-17 symptoms were analyzed using multivariable linear regression and 5000-resample bias-corrected bootstrap mediation models. Results: Parental FN was positively associated with parent-reported child FN (B = 0.31, 95% CI 0.21–0.42). In the mutually adjusted PSC-17 model, parental FN (B = 1.09, 95% CI 0.26–1.93) and child FN (B = 0.80, 95% CI −0.02–1.62) showed positive associations with PSC-17 Total; the child-FN association was not conventionally statistically significant (p = 0.056). The bootstrap indirect association through child FN was B = 0.212 (95% bias-corrected bootstrap CI 0.015–0.468). For the exploratory CEBQ Total, the corresponding indirect association was B = −0.706 (95% bias-corrected bootstrap CI −1.142 to −0.334). Conclusions: The findings indicate cross-sectional associations and statistically detectable indirect associations, but they do not establish temporal transmission or causality. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to determine whether these patterns are reproducible and temporally ordered.
Timed security protocols rely on freshness tokens whose validity must hold when a response is delivered, not merely when it is sent. Many models collapse sending and delivery into one event, erasing the transit interval in which a token may expire. This abstraction has a concrete consequence: a delay-oblivious model can report that successful completion is reachable for a protocol that, on any network with a positive minimum transit latency, can never complete – a soundness gap rather than a missed attack. We introduce Split-Step Timed Interpreted Systems (SSTIS), a dense-time semantics in which every step has three phases – send, transit, and deliver-or-fail – making the transit interval and a delivery failure explicit local states.We formalise interpretations into classical Timed Interpreted Systems (TIS) and into SSTIS, and prove three results: SSTIS conservatively extends TIS at zero delay; a delivery-time failure is reachable in SSTIS but unsatisfiable in TIS by construction; and under a minimum transit delay D, a step whose freshness window L satisfies D > L fails in every run, including the fastest adversary-free delivery, so the protocol is unrealizable. From this we derive a linear-time realizability decision procedure that decides whether a guarded step can ever succeed, as a static pre-check before bounded model checking. We give a quantifier-free linear-real-arithmetic encoding with soundness and completeness proofs, apply it to the MobInfoSec SP2SP_MutualAuth protocol and classical timestamp families, and report a feasibility study across 779 protocol-variant instances and 12,410 reachability queries solved in under a second at the median.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research presented in this paper concerns the psychological situation of civilian citizens of Ukraine following the attack of Russia on this country in 2022. The study looked at Ukrainian citizens who remained in their home country despite the hostilities, as well as refugees in Poland, Slovakia and Germany. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The main objectives of the exploration were to find out to what extent these individuals responded to war threats with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) and to determine the importance of attachment styles. Answers were sought to the questions of the differences between a group of war refu‑gees from Ukraine and a group of Ukrainian nationals who remained in their homeland in terms of the severity of threats, PTSD, the level of post-traumatic growth and the intensity of the individual attachment styles. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: A situation of war implies an accumulation of a number of various threats accompanied by traumatic experi‑ences related to factors that are both directly and indirectly dangerous to the individual. Civilian victims of war commonly experience frustration of basic psychological needs which can lead to PTSD and the posttraumatic growth. RESEARCH RESULTS: The severity of war-related threats was a predic‑tor of PTSD for the respondents as it predicts variability in PTG scores, either directly positively or indirectly negatively through avoidant attachment style. War-related traumatic experiences may impair secure attachment styles and strengthen insecure styles. There were significant differences between the group of civilians who remained in Ukraine and that of refugees. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS:The both groups of Ukrainian nationals in the survey experienced elevated levels of post-traumatic stress syndrome. Thus, they often require specialised therapeutic help in coping with PTSD in addition to the assistance they receive in adapting to life abroad.
Aim of the study: Extending the biomedical model, increasing attention has been directed toward the psychological determinants of seasickness. The present study examined whether, among sailors, threat appraisal is associated with an increased frequency of seasickness symptoms and lower self-efficacy. Furthermore, the study investigated whether self-efficacy mediates the relationship between threat appraisal and symptom frequency. Subject or material and methods: A total of 312 sailors (55.8% female; M age = 39.46 years, SD = 11.57; age range: 16–74) completed self-report measures of stress appraisal, domain-specific self-efficacy, and seasickness symptoms. Results: Threat appraisal, lower self-efficacy, female gender, and younger age were all significantly associated with a higher frequency of seasickness symptoms. Mediation analyses indicated that the relationship between threat appraisal and symptom frequency was partially accounted for by reduced self-efficacy. Discussion: These findings underscore the importance of psychological factors in the experience of seasickness. Interventions targeting maladaptive stress appraisal and enhancing self-efficacy may represent promising avenues for reducing symptom burden. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of psychological factors in the experience of seasickness. Interventions targeting maladaptive stress appraisal and enhancing self-efficacy may represent promising avenues for reducing symptom burden.
