This article examines how digital visual activism constructs alternative narratives of the 1965–1966 mass violence in Indonesia through the poster work of Alit Ambara. Focusing on selected series from the Posteraksi platform, the study analyzes how visual strategies such as irony, symbolic inversion, and affective disruption challenge state-sponsored historiography and cultures of silence. Drawing on theories of counter-memory, counter-archives, and image-events, the article argues that Ambara's posters operate as memory-making interventions that reopen the past to ethical debate. Central to this practice is a form of icono-ethics, which repurposes state icons to restore the dignity of victims and demand accountability. Situated within Indonesia's stalled transitional justice processes, these posters emerge as crucial cultural responses to legal impunity and archival denial. Methodologically, the study combines semiotic analysis with digital ethnography to trace the circulation of images across affective publics: online communities unified by shared emotional engagement and resistance to amnesia. The article demonstrates that where formal justice mechanisms have failed, digital visual practices function as provisional yet powerful counter-archives, sustaining remembrance through circulation, affect, and collective ethical commitment.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
One of the fundamental principles of a democratic legal system is the term limits for both executive and legislative bodies. This applies not only to central bodies but also to those at the lower, local government level. It is worth emphasizing that the functioning of these bodies is completely different, particularly the method of their appointment, as well as their involvement and public awareness. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze whether the current regulations implying term limits for executive local government bodies should be modified, and if so, whether such a change would be consistent with the current constitution, including the nature and importance of local government units in the structure of the state.
Norms are fundamental to social life, but basic questions about how they are affected by social context remain. Specifically, how do normative constraints depend on the presence and status of observers, and how do such relational contingencies vary across cultures? Using data from more than 25,000 individuals across 90 societies, we test several hypotheses linking normative constraints on everyday behaviors (like arguing, laughing, cursing, kissing, and crying), to the presence and status of observers. We find that behaviors widely viewed as appropriate in private become more constrained in the presence of others (an observer effect), and even more so when those others are higher in status (a status effect). Both observer and status effects are culturally universal, but the observer effect shows more variation across cultures. In particular, we find that observer effects are larger in societies that emphasize individualizing moral foundations, that is, avoiding harm and unfairness to others, because these societies are more permissive of actions when others are not around. The relative stability of status effects across cultural contexts suggests a universal tendency to defer in social hierarchies. These findings shed light on the relational contingency of everyday norms and underscore the role of such norms in the maintenance of social order and reproduction of inequality.
