In two studies, we examined the effects of a control threat and attachment orientation on people’s preferences for market relationships. In Study 1, experiencing a control threat increased the willingness to seek practical support in the market rather than ask a close person for help among participants with higher attachment anxiety. In a well-powered preregistered Study 2, we replicated these results and demonstrated that they also hold for situations in which emotional support is desired. In addition, we demonstrated that the effect of a control threat on the preference for market-based support is moderated by attachment orientations above the effect of objective and subjective socioeconomic status. The effects we found suggest that people’s involvement in market relationships may fulfill important psychological needs, serving as a buffer against attachment insecurities.
On 19 November 2024, the Supreme Administrative Court issued a ruling that reimbursing an employee for an expense incurred by him for a cab ride to carry out his business tasks will constitute income for him. According to the Supreme Administrative Court, in the case of monetary benefits, the prerequisites that must occur for a benefit to be considered as income under Article 12 of the Act on PIT, described by the Constitutional Court in its judgment K 7/13, cannot be used. At the same time, the Court presented a very broad understanding of the concept of income based on the above regulation. It also used the prohibition of per non est interpretation. In this commentary, I will present my critical position on this ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
Ethical organizational climate is a pivotal topic in business ethics, influencing employees’ well-being and attitude toward the organization. In Poland, there is a lack of measures dedicated to verifying organizational climate. Our research aimed to examine the psychometrical properties of the Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ) in Polish business conditions. Studies conducted on two samples confirmed the original structure of the Polish version of the ECQ and its better psychometric properties compared to the original version. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed good construct validity and internal consistency of the ECQ, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients in the range of 0.74–0.81, depending on the type of ethical climate. Bagozzi and Heatherton’s criteria of the magnitude of factor loadings, average variance extracted, and composite reliability showed good convergent validity of the tool. The value of the heterotrait–monotrait ratio of correlations indicated good discriminant validity of the ECQ. Also, the criterion validity of this measure was confirmed. In conclusion, the Polish version of the ECQ is a measure that can be used to study the ethical climate in Polish organizations.
Mental fatigue is the core sensation arising during mental effort investment. It has been claimed that it is impacted by valuation processes and influences motivation. However, there is a scarcity of studies examining the interplay between subjective value of the task, mental fatigue, and the motivation to invest effort. We addressed this issue in the present study. We also examined how trait mindfulness relates to these processes. In an online study, participants (N = 241) filled the FFMQ and performed tasks which engaged mental effort. Participants answered questions regarding the main dependent variables, i.e., mental fatigue, value of the task, and motivation to invest effort. The results of mediation analyses showed a consistent negative relation between the perceived value and mental fatigue, and a negative relation between mental fatigue and motivation to invest further effort. We have also shown that trait mindfulness is positively related to the perceived value of the task, which further relates to lesser fatigue and finally higher motivation to invest effort, however, the mediation path through value only is the strongest and most reliable one. Overall, our results inform the current debate on mental fatigue origins and provide insight into the relationship between trait mindfulness and motivational processes.
Habits are mental representations of associations between actions and contextual contingencies. Habit formation can be efficacious in promoting health behavior maintenance, including for highly complex behaviors such as physical activity. Changes in circumstances (e.g., job transitions, moving home) or the advent of disruptive events (e.g., work-related or personal responsibilities) can lead to habit discontinuity by eliminating the contextual contingencies associated with the behavior. Recently, habit theorists have distinguished between preparation or instigation and execution habits, with preparation or instigation habits proposed as central to the development and maintenance of complex habitual behaviors. Discontinuity for complex habitual behaviors may entail disruption of preparation, instigation, or execution habits making such behaviors highly vulnerable to disruption and discontinuity. We propose that the advent of events such as increased work demands or personal responsibilities (e.g., job demands or personal circumstances such as caregiving) and competing highly rewarding activities (e.g., technology-mediated screen activities such as using smartphone apps and games) have high potential to disrupt preparation and instigation habits for complex behaviors. We outline the mechanisms involved and propose several strategies that may be employed to minimize disruption and discontinuity of complex habitual behaviors using physical activity as an illustration. We identify reaffirming original goals, self-monitoring, and planning strategies as potentially efficacious means to minimize the potential for events and competing activities to disrupt physical activity preparation and instigation habits. We call for future research to investigate the efficacy of these strategies in managing disruptive events and promote maintenance of habitual physical activity habit maintenance.
