This study introduces and validates the Biological Essentialism in Parenting Questionnaire (BEPQ), a new instrument designed to assess beliefs that men and women possess inherent, biologically determined differences in parenting roles. Despite evolving norms favoring gender-equal parenting, essentialist views continue to influence family dynamics, workplace policies, and cultural expectations. In Study 1 (N = 488, Poland), we developed the BEPQ and confirmed a two-factor structure, distinguishing maternal and paternal essentialism, through exploratory factor analysis. Both subscales demonstrated high internal consistency and negative correlations with gender-neutral parenting beliefs, supporting their reliability and convergent validity. Study 2 (N = 1249) extended validation to parents in Poland, Italy, and Sweden. Confirmatory factor analysis and multigroup modeling established strict measurement invariance across countries and gender identities, ensuring robust cross-cultural applicability. Findings showed that Polish parents most strongly endorsed essentialist beliefs, followed by Italian and then Swedish parents. Heterosexual parents reported stronger essentialist views than LGBTQ+ parents, men showed higher paternal essentialism, and women endorsed maternal essentialism more strongly, with non-binary parents consistently reporting the lowest levels across both dimensions. By providing a reliable and cross-culturally validated tool, the BEPQ advances research on how biological essentialist ideologies maintain gendered caregiving roles within diverse family structures. These findings can inform interventions and policies aimed at promoting gender equality in family life.
People automatically imitate each other, which is known to elicit feelings of affiliation. Previous research on mimicry has mainly studied dyadic interactions and thereby neglected that many social interactions are often observed by others. This raises the question of how observers perceive individuals who mimic or are mimicked. Based on previous research, we formulated two competing hypotheses about how third-party observers perceive people who initiate actions and people who mimic the actions along the Big Two dimensions (i.e., agency vs. communion). We tested these hypotheses against each other in eight experiments. The results strongly support the “Agency Hypothesis” according to which people who initiate actions are perceived as more agentic than people who mimic the actions. Our experiments also find some support for the “Communion Hypothesis” indicating that people who mimic actions are perceived as more communal than people who initiate the actions. Interestingly, support for the Agency Hypothesis was very robust, whereas the effect on perceived communion was more variable and dependent on the stimuli used. When investigating downstream consequences of the link between observed mimicry and ascriptions along the Big Two dimensions, we find that both ascribed agency and communion predict donation behavior.
Prezentowany tom zawiera komentarz do trzech przepisów Konstytucji poświęconych Prezydentowi RP. Art. 131 dotyczy przeszkód w sprawowaniu urzędu przez Prezydenta, zarówno o charakterze tymczasowym, jak i stałym, oraz wykonywania obowiązków Prezydenta przez Marszałka Sejmu, lub w jego zastępstwie, przez Marszałka Senatu. W art. 132 została uregulowana zasada niepołączalności (incompatibilitas) urzędu Prezydenta z innymi urzędami i funkcjami publicznymi, zaś w art. 133 zakreślono kompetencje Prezydenta jako reprezentanta państwa w stosunkach zewnętrznych oraz nałożono na Prezydenta obowiązek współdziałania w zakresie polityki zagranicznej z Prezesem Rady Ministrów i właściwym ministrem.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweMonografia (zamknięty dostęp)Monograph
The legal analysis deals with the assessment of the Presidium’s draft resolution of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland amending the Standing Orders of the Sejm and aimed at enhancing the efficiency of legislative and pre-legislative procedures. The draft resolution envisages the
introduction of a mandatory regulatory impact assessment (RIA) of bills tabled by deputies, as well as the obligation to conduct public consultations, with the objective of strengthening transparency and fostering social participation in the legislative procedure. The proposed
amendments aim as well to limit the use of the so-called fast-track legislative procedures in order to improve the quality of the law that is enacted and prevent potential procedural abuses. The proposed amendments meet the commitments arising from the so-called milestones of the recovery and resilience plan adopted by the European Union; their implementation was not completed within the prescribed timeline. The author’s assessment of the compliance of the draft resolution with the principles of sound legislation and the provisions of the Constitution of the
Republic of Poland is unequivocally positive. Nevertheless, he underscores that it is necessary to clarify the provisions establishing the option of not conducting public consultations and the provisions laying down the conditions for expediting the legislative procedure, so that potential
interpretative ambiguities and the risk of using the ambiguities instrumentally can be avoided.
This article presents a constitutional perspective of collective labour agreements within the system of sources of law. The author particularly focuses on highlighting the constitutional-law nature of collective labour agreements. Additionally, the article points out doctrinal differences in the perception of the legal character of collective labor agreements. The author argues that collective labor agreements should be regarded as normative acts sui generis, which are not issued within the framework of legislative competence, but remain one of the fundamental institutions of collective labor law. According to the author, collective labour agreements do not constitute sources of law as defined in Chapter II of the Constitution, a position that is also supported by a substantial part of legal doctrine and the case law of the Supreme Court. Moreover, they do not have the character of being universally or internally binding, nor do they take the so-called “mixed” form. The publication also emphasizes that the compliance of collective labour agreements with the law should be determined by the competent common court, rather than the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland or the Supreme Administrative Court.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
