Egocentrism plays a central role in moral cognition, as individuals interpret the social world from a default, self-centered perspective. This often leads people to view their moral evaluations as objective and justified, even when those judgments are influenced by self-interest or interpersonal preferences. In this chapter, I review research that identifies two key egocentric tendencies in moral judgment, which are evident in both children and adults. First, when interests are involved, individuals are more likely to evaluate unethical or unjust actions as morally acceptable. Second, people tend to perceive those they like as more moral than those they dislike, indicating that liking can bias moral evaluation. These patterns persist even when individuals attempt to reason impartially. Rather than being irrational errors, such tendencies may serve adaptive social functions by helping individuals maintain relationships, form alliances, and make strategic moral decisions. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for explaining everyday moral reasoning and behavior.
The aim of the paper is to analyse the legal regulations regarding continuing professional development in the light of the Act of 17th August 2023 on the Selected Healthcare Professions. Above issue is of the essence in practice. Continuing professional development is integrally related to the proper pursuit of the health profession, thus impacts of legal status of the patient. The author, using the legal-dogmatic method, points out and characterizes the form of continuing professional development (postgraduate education and professional development). Subsequently, the issues of cost and method of verification of continuing professional development were presented. The special rights that have a health professional perform a profession based on a labor employment relationship were also included. The regulation regarding continuing professional development is essential to ensure proper performance of professional activities and thus the safety of the patient.
The full-scale aggression of Russia against Ukraine in February 2022 and the destruction that followed in the aftermath have prompted multiple stakeholders to express their sympathy towards the victimised country, including Japan. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Kishida Fumio, Japan has been an important supporter of Ukraine and played a key role in maintaining international attention on the ongoing conflict. This article investigates how Japan engaged in diplomacy of sympathy towards Ukraine between 2022 and 2024. It explores both symbolic and tangible expressions of support to demonstrate that, in the wake of 2022 Russian aggression, Japan has provided an unprecedented level of backing to Ukraine, utilising emotionally-rich language to both condemn the aggressor and recognise the perseverance of the victim, as well as extending substantial financial help to Ukraine. The article elucidates that Japan’s actions have contributed to enacting their role of principled defender of the rules-based world order, improving the country’s standing in Central and Eastern Europe and stimulating a domestic discussion on desirable societal reactions in the event of conflict.
To opt for taxation under the flat-rate scheme for corporate income, a taxpayer must meet several conditions. One of them is the employment requirement. A taxpayer subject to this regime must employ a specified number of people. What is puzzling in this context (and has extremely significant practical implications) is whether a breach of this condition in the first year will result in the ZAW-RD becoming ineffective, or in the loss of the right to this tax preference at the end of the first year. If the first conclusion were correct, such a taxpayer would incur tax arrears, whereas in the second scenario, there would be no arrears. However, the conclusions drawn from a literal interpretation differ from those arising from a purposive interpretation. This article aims to verify which type of interpretation should be applied in this regard.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
