This article offers a dogmatic analysis of the scope of discretion in determining the rules of control and supervision in a family foundation. The analysis demonstrates that the legislative design of these mechanisms rests on two foundational assumptions. First, the legislator has introduced a minimum standard of control aimed at safeguarding the estate of the foundation (which is an entity with separate founding capital) through mandatory provisions granting beneficiaries an individual right of oversight and requiring the foundation to undergo periodic independent audits. Second, the law affords broad statutory discretion in shaping the internal supervisory structure, encompassing both the decision whether to establish a supervisory board (where the number of beneficiaries does not exceed twenty-five) and determining its specific competences. This flexibility enables the adoption of either a ‘weak’ supervisory board model, limited primarily to control functions, or that of a ‘strong’ board actively
co-determining the strategic management of the foundation’s assets.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
Monografia poświęcona jest granicom jednakowego traktowania wspólników – jednemu z podstawowych zagadnień prawa spółek, które nie doczekało się dotąd w polskiej literaturze kompleksowego opracowania.
Autor pokazuje, że obowiązek wynikający z art. 20 KSH nie może być rozumiany wyłącznie formalnie. Zróżnicowane traktowanie wspólników może być dopuszczalne, jeżeli opiera się na obiektywnych kryteriach, ustalonych w dobrej wierze i służących interesowi spółki. Z drugiej strony także decyzja odnosząca się jednakowo do wszystkich wspólników może okazać się niedopuszczalna, jeżeli w istocie prowadzi do pokrzywdzenia części z nich.
Monografia ujmuje nakaz jednakowego traktowania przez pryzmat zasady słuszności oraz obowiązku lojalności w relacjach korporacyjnych. Rozważania zawarte w książce odnoszą się m.in. do dostępu do informacji o sprawach spółki, podziału zysku oraz skupu akcji własnych, łącząc pogłębioną analizę dogmatyczną z wyraźnym znaczeniem praktycznym.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweMonografia (zamknięty dostęp)Monograph
This article examines how Hungarian law restricts the rights of media creators, focusing on the delicate balance between protecting children’s rights and preserving fundamental freedoms. The research method involves a thorough analysis of case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), alongside a review of legal doctrine and relevant interdisciplinary studies. The Hungarian government has implemented legal measures that justify restricting media content under the guise of child protection, particularly in areas related to gender, sexuality, and family values. The article critically assesses whether such laws, which restrict the freedom of expression of media creators, can be legitimately justified by the need to protect children. By analysing the jurisprudence of the CJEU and ECtHR, the study highlights the tension between the protection of minors and the infringement on the rights of media creators. It explores how these legal frameworks have dealt with similar issues, assessing the balance between child protection and freedom of expression in both the European and international contexts. Ultimately, the article raises key questions about the limits of justifiable
legal restrictions, arguing for a careful reconsideration of the relationship between protecting children and upholding fundamental human rights.
The commentary applies to the judgment of 13 November 2025, 6030/21, A.R. v Poland, in which the European Court of Human Rights re-interpreted provisions of national law in the context of the standards of protection of the individual’s rights under Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms signed in Rome on 4 November 1950, as amended by Protocols Nos. 3, 5 and 8, supplemented by Protocol No. 2. Legal issues identified in the case, especially with respect to the state’s obligations to the individual and the limits of interference with that individual’s rights and freedoms, form the background for assessing consequences of the Constitutional Court’s judgment of 22 October 2020, K 1/20, including with regard to defects of the status of the Polish Constitutional Court. It should be concluded that this judgment, like the previous ECtHR judgment of 14 December 2023, 40119/21, M.L. v Poland, is of particular significance to the interpretation of Polish legal regulations and, above all, judicial practice. It is also important from the point of view of the protection of the individual’s right to a trial in court, in particular taking into account the delayed publication of the judgment with respect to the date of its public announcement. Therefore, judgment 6030/21, A.R., follows the line of ECtHR judgments in Polish abortion law cases, but also draws attention to the effects of judgment K 1/20 in the context of the protection of the individual’s right to a trial in court.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
This systematic review examined how differences in intervention components may contribute to inconsistent findings in genetic risk communication studies, addressing obesity-related outcomes (e.g., weight reduction, nutrition behavior, exercise). The review was preregistered (PROSPERO #CRD42024524026) and followed PRISMA guidelines. Searches across eight databases identified 23 randomized controlled trials, covering 18 intervention trials. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. A narrative synthesis was used to cluster studies by the content of intervention and control groups. Genetic risk communication alone (no behavioral counseling, addressing nutrition and exercise) or combined with phenotype-based risk was ineffective and sometimes counterproductive among low-risk individuals. When combined with personalized behavioral counseling, effectiveness improved, but only when compared to waitlist control groups or non-personalized behavioral counseling. Significant effects emerged in high–genetic risk subgroups within personalized behavioral counseling, using behavior change techniques such as problem-solving, feedback on behavior, self-monitoring, and environmental changes. The most promising results emerged from complex interventions integrating genetic risk communication into multiple sessions and combining numerous additional behavioral change techniques, such as social reward, cues/prompts, self-reward. Complex personalized interventions combining multiple behavior change techniques and prompting experiential genetic risk awareness show promise for improving weight, nutrition, and exercise-related outcomes.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
