Aim The aim of this study was to look for factors protecting from developing severe premenstrual symptoms in high risk individuals. We tested if sense of coherence, mindfulness skills, and self-compassion moderate the relationship between trauma and increased perceived stress, and the symptoms of premenstrual disorders (premenstrual syndrome [PMS] and premenstrual dysphoric disorder [PMDD]). Methods The study comprised two stages with a retrospective (N = 228) and a prospective (N = 90) measures of premenstrual symptoms. Correlation and moderation analyses were performed. Results All variables were significantly correlated. Self-compassion, four out of five mindfulness skills, and sense of coherence (albeit, in the case of retrospective measure, only two of its components) moderated the relationship between stress and premenstrual disorders. Only two mindfulness skills moderated the effect of trauma on premenstrual symptoms (NonJudging in retrospective measure, Describing in the prospective part of the study). Conclusions These results suggest that more understanding, mindful, and compassionate attitude towards oneself may benefit individuals with severe premenstrual symptoms, especially in face of increased stress. The findings may be used to improve the treatment of PMDD and PMS by including approaches and interventions aimed at increasing sense of coherence, self-compassion, and mastering mindfulness skills.
The Article examines the role of the Venice Commission — the expert body affiliated with the Council of Europe — in addressing democratic backsliding and supporting the restoration of the rule of law, using Poland as a case study. It places the Venice Commission within the broader system of European constitutional governance and discusses its role when Poland moved, after 2015, towards the system of illiberal democracy. Opinions of the Venice Commission were significant in the evaluation of reforms affecting the Polish Constitutional Court, judicial independence, the prosecution service, and surveillance powers. They had impact on policies of the European Commission towards Poland but also strengthened civil society resilience. The second part of this Article focuses on the period after the breakthrough parliamentary elections in 2023, which gave a chance for democratic revival. The Venice Commission’s expertise has been used to support reforms aimed at the restoration of judicial independence and the rule of law. By covering both stages, the Article explores the possibilities and limits of relying on external legal expertise in times of democratic crisis and institutional reform.
Abstract. This article offers a constitutional and institutional analysis of emergency price regulation through a structural comparison of two historically distinct interventions: the Edict on Maximum Prices issued by Emperor Diocletian in 301 CE and the system of official price controls and rationing introduced during martial law in the Polish People’s Republic (1981-1983). Rather than treating these episodes as isolated historical curiosities, the study conceptualizes them as manifestations of a recurring pattern of crisis governance. The central thesis is that emergency price regulation represents a form of normative substitution in which political authority attempts to replace decentralized coordination mechanisms with administrative command. Drawing on institutional economics, constitutional theory of emergency powers, and legal theory of systemic complexity, the article introduces the concept of “Regulatory Utopia” as an analytical framework for understanding structural misalignment between legal normativity and economic coordination. The findings demonstrate that while emergency intervention may temporarily stabilise political order, suppression of the informational function of prices generates informal adaptation, institutional misalignment, and longterm erosion of legitimacy. The comparative perspective reveals structural recurrence across divergent constitutional orders and highlights the limits of normative power in governing complex economic systems during crisis.
The subject of this study is the phenomenon of the presence of a religious clause in the oaths taken by municipal officials in Roman law and its modern equivalents (in Poland, Italy, and the USA). The aim of the paper is to analyze the content of oath formulas used in ancient Rome and in contemporary local government systems, with particular
emphasis on the religious element. The hypothesis put forward is that in ancient Rome, the religious component served to legitimize authority and reinforced the official’s
personal responsibility toward the community and the gods. In modern times, however, the religious clause though still present in some legal systems has lost its original character
and has become an optional part of the oath, expressing the individual choice of the person assuming office. The study applies the historical-legal method and comparative
method, focusing on the analysis of municipal statutes particularly the lex Irnitana. The findings indicate a strong connection between the religious and state spheres in ancient
Rome and reveal a diverse approach to the religious clause in contemporary legal systems.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweMonografia (zamknięty dostęp)Monograph Chapter
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Polish Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form (CDSES-SF) in two university student samples (N = 116 and N = 465). Principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a hierarchical structure, where five specific factors load onto a strong general factor. The scale and its subscales demonstrated good internal consistency. Convergent validity was supported through expected correlations with self-efficacy, self-esteem, and career indecision. Results provide evidence for the Polish CDSES-SF as a reliable and valid instrument for career counseling and research in Poland, supporting both a general score and a nuanced five-domain assessment.
