Background
Front-of-pack labelling could help consumers choose healthier options over energy-dense, nutrient-poor alternatives.
Purpose
We assessed the effects of Health Star Rating (HSRs) and Physical Activity Calorie Equivalent (PACE) labels on adults’ food and beverage choices and explored possible mechanisms by which these 2 labelling systems may have their effects.
Methods
In an online experiment, 1268 Australian adults (18-59 years) were randomized to: no labels (control), PACE, or HSR labels. Participants were shown snack and drink options with varying energy content and nutritional profiles. Participants rated the healthiness and energy content of each product, completed a choice task, and rated both labelling systems in relation to their effects on motivation, emotional responses and perceived label credibility.
Results
Compared to no labels, both HSR and PACE labels increased identification of unhealthy products, while only HSRs increased identification of healthy products. PACE labels prompted more accurate perceptions of energy content for high- and low-energy products compared to HSR labels and no labels. Both PACE and HSR labels prompted a greater proportion of healthy choices, but only PACE labels prompted a greater proportion of “optimal” that is, low-energy and healthy choices. Participants in the PACE condition were more motivated to reduce daily energy intake and take more exercise. Label-induced motivation mediated the effects of labels on optimal product choice.
Conclusions
PACE labels were most effective in prompting accurate perceptions of the energy content of products and in facilitating optimal (healthy and low-energy) choices. Mediation analyses suggested that this may be due to greater behavior-change motivation generated by PACE labels.
This study investigates whether the salience of counterexamples in discourse affects the acceptance of true generic statements. Building on previous theoretical and experimental work on generics, we examine whether generics are sensitive to contextual cues that highlight exceptions. Polish participants completed a truth-value judgment task featuring majority and minority characteristic generics presented in two types of encyclopaedic contexts: neutral and exception-driven. The results show that plural generics were highly stable across contexts, while singular generics exhibited a small but statistically significant decrease in acceptance in exception-driven conditions. Predicate type also influenced judgments: minority generics were rated as less acceptable than majority ones. These findings support the view that generics display high tolerance of exceptions, with limited context effects attributable to heuristic misjudgment or anaphoric reinterpretation rather than semantic variability. The results further suggest that singular generics may invite more restrictive interpretations due to their morphosyntactic form.
Objective
The present study applies the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to investigate the associations between: (1) implementation process indicators, namely implementers’ perceptions of barriers/facilitators in the outer and inner implementation setting, (2) implementer self-efficacy and (3) changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among participants of two intervention studies (physical activity planning interventions versus control [education] conditions).
Methods and measures
Data collected among 372 participants (66.9% women; 9–86 years old) were matched with implementers’ data (n = 21, 100% women, 25–46 years old). MVPA was assessed with accelerometers at the baseline and 14-month follow-up. Implementation process indicators were self-reported by implementers.
Results
We found significant interaction effects of Time x Implementation Process indicators on MVPA. Participants who were supported by implementers who perceived barriers/facilitators in the inner and outer implementation setting as adequately addressed, maintained their MVPA at 14-month follow-up. A decline in MVPA was found among participants supported by implementers perceiving lower adequacy of addressing respective barriers/facilitators. Implementer self-efficacy was unrelated to MVPA of participants of intervention studies.
Conclusions
Implementers’ positive evaluation of the ways barriers/facilitators were addressed in the implementation setting may protect participants (regardless of their intervention or control group assignment) from a decline in MVPA time.
Tischner and Stasiuk (IIC 54:26–60 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-022-01274-8) concluded that the Audi trademark does not influence the evaluation of independently manufactured automotive spare parts, arguing that both consumers and experts interpret such trademarks primarily as descriptive cues of intended use rather than as indicators of origin. The present paper revisits their empirical evidence and challenges this conclusion by reanalyzing the original raw dataset made publicly available in the OSF repository. We argue that the original authors’ conclusions stem from a methodological error – specifically, the aggregation of evaluations across participants who differed fundamentally in their perceptions of the part’s manufacturer. Using the original data, we reclassified both Audi owners and automotive experts according to the manufacturer they recalled after product exposure: Audi, the independent manufacturers named in the description, or other/unknown manufacturers. Separate analyses of variance were then conducted within these groups for four evaluation dimensions: perceived quality, material durability, appearance, and purchase intention. The reanalysis focused on the radiator grille stimulus, across four trademark presentation conditions. Contrary to Tischner and Stasiuk’s conclusions, the results consistently show that brand recall significantly shaped product evaluations. Both consumers and experts who mistakenly identified Audi as the manufacturer evaluated the spare parts more favorably than those who correctly identified independent manufacturers or expressed uncertainty. These effects were particularly pronounced when the Audi trademark was embedded in the product or visually integrated into its design, and in several conditions reached statistical significance. The high rate of manufacturer misidentification – despite explicit textual information – underscores the influential role of trademarks as associative signals affecting perceived quality and value. Overall, this reanalysis demonstrates that the Audi trademark did influence the evaluation of automotive spare parts. The original claim that trademarks have lost their origin-identifying and evaluative function is therefore unsupported and inconsistent with both the empirical evidence and the broader literature on branding and consumer perception.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
Aims/Background: Limited research has examined family-building strategies among plurisexual individuals. Culture and gender are essential determinants of parenthood prospects among individuals with minoritized sexual identities. For plurisexual individuals, the partner’s gender also seems to play a critical role. Our investigation aimed to explore cisgender plurisexual individuals’ preferred paths to parenthood considering their country of origin, gender, and partner’s gender.
Design/Method: We examined associations between preferred pathways to parenthood and country, gender, and partner’s gender among 405 cisgender plurisexual individuals aged between 18 and 45 years (M = 25.76; SD = 5.57), from Portugal (n = 140; 34.9%), Israel (n = 78; 19.3%), Poland (n = 85; 21%), and the UK (n = 102; 25.2%).
Results: Overall, couple adoption and sexual intercourse were the most chosen pathways to parenthood, and self-insemination and co-parenting were the least chosen. Participants from Poland and the United Kingdom were less likely to choose artificial insemination, single adoption, and self-insemination than their Portuguese counterparts. Women were more likely than men to choose artificial insemination. Individuals in different-gender relationships were more likely to choose sexual intercourse as a means of having children than were those in same-gender relationships, and the opposite was true for artificial insemination.
Conclusion: Country, gender, and the partner’s gender influence plurisexual individuals’ choice of some parenthood pathways. Psychological and reproductive counselling should consider these aspects.
