Since the political and economic transformation of 1989, public museums in Poland have undergone change, which is particularly evidenced by high numbers of visitors, new premises, and award-winning exhibitions. Those developments, however, are not systemic, and furthermore, the introduction of change is far from consistent and encounters stern resistance. There is, moreover, a marked lack of knowledge concerning the reasons for this status quo. Therefore, to address this cognitive gap, the following research question was posed: what are the key barriers to organisational change in Poland's public museums? In order to answer it, the authors conducted a qualitative empirical study involving 27 interviews with top-level directors of Polish public museums. The results suggest that the main barriers to organisational change are internal, including low organisational culture and the absence of a clearly defined attitude to the visitor, as well as external barriers, particularly the lack of respect of the governing body for museum autonomy and lack of financial stability in the institutions governing them.
This paper attempts to conceptualise media management (MM) education by confronting existing definitions of MM with the perspective of academic teaching staff from four selected Polish public universities offering education in this area within social communication and media studies. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of 23 interviews with representatives of the authorities of media and communication studies units and academic staff specialising in MM. As a result, we identified MM’s major features (research areas, media-industry specificity, and processes), difficulties in defining MM (inter-, multi-, and transdisciplinarity, obsolescence, scientific and educational conditions), and difficulties in defining the teaching of MM (the area of education and the theoretical-practical approach). Our study contributes to the body of knowledge on academic education in MM. It is also the first step toward re-conceptualising MM education as a research subject.
The article presents the results of the research conducted in March 2019 and November 2024 on the representative samples of Polish internet users over 15 years of age (N=815 in both surveys), devoted to their opinions on the hate speech phenomenon in internet: understanding the meaning of the term hate speech (hejt in Polish), motivations to criticize other internet users and to use the hate speech (hejtować in Polish), the groups using the most often hate speech (hejt) and the groups being the most often the victims of hate speech. The changes in time (between 2019 and 2024) are analysed in the article. About 90% of Polish internet users treat the hate speech as the serious social problem and supports fight against it. At the same time in opinion of three of four Polish internet users (74% in 2019 and 73% in 2024) fight against
hate speech should not limit the freedom of speech.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The scientific purpose is identifying opportunity of referring ecological argumentation from Pope Francis’s encyclical Laudato si’ to protection the landscape, in particular to roadside shrines.
RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem is the role of roadside shrines for the local communities and its meaning as an element of landscape and natural environment. The research method is media content analysis.
PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argument consists of three parts. The first part explores understanding of natural environment in encyclical Laudato si’. The second one treats about the roadside shrines as an element of landscape, and their social and cultural functions. Third part is devoted to the desecration of places of worship, including roadside shrines. Ten media relations about destroying roadside shrines from 2024 year are examined, the analysis cover the issues as language and narration, including reactions on the fact of different social actors. The aim of the analysis is the reconstruction od the perception of the functions of roadside shrines by the local communities.
RESEARCH RESULTS: The article allows to put forward a thesis, that roadside shrines are perceived as an element of natural environment, that should be protected in the same way, as natural objects.
CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The conclusion from the article is necessity of popularisation of the knowledge about roadside shrines as element not only cultural heritage, but also natural environment, and taking institutional and educational actions that could improve protection of shrines against acts of their devastation.
The Family Stress Model (FSM) is a key framework explaining the relationship between family income and child mental health. However, most studies examining the FSM are cross-sectional and do not clearly distinguish within- from between-person effects, which limits robust inferences about how family income affects child mental health at the within-person level. This study addressed this gap by applying a Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model to data from the nationally representative UK Millennium Cohort Study, focusing on children aged 3, 5, 7, 11, and 14 (N = 11,845; ~49.9% female). Findings revealed that within-person decreases in family income were associated with subsequent increases in internalizing problems for boys from ages 3 to 5 and for girls from ages 7 to 11. Further, income was associated with externalizing problems indirectly but only among girls and only through maternal, not paternal, distress. Together, these findings suggest that within-person FSM processes operate in gender- and outcome-specific ways within families. Interventions may benefit from considering both child and parent gender, with maternal mental health as a particularly relevant target during economic hardship.
