The full-scale aggression of Russia against Ukraine in February 2022 and the destruction that followed in the aftermath have prompted multiple stakeholders to express their sympathy towards the victimised country, including Japan. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Kishida Fumio, Japan has been an important supporter of Ukraine and played a key role in maintaining international attention on the ongoing conflict. This article investigates how Japan engaged in diplomacy of sympathy towards Ukraine between 2022 and 2024. It explores both symbolic and tangible expressions of support to demonstrate that, in the wake of 2022 Russian aggression, Japan has provided an unprecedented level of backing to Ukraine, utilising emotionally-rich language to both condemn the aggressor and recognise the perseverance of the victim, as well as extending substantial financial help to Ukraine. The article elucidates that Japan’s actions have contributed to enacting their role of principled defender of the rules-based world order, improving the country’s standing in Central and Eastern Europe and stimulating a domestic discussion on desirable societal reactions in the event of conflict.
To opt for taxation under the flat-rate scheme for corporate income, a taxpayer must meet several conditions. One of them is the employment requirement. A taxpayer subject to this regime must employ a specified number of people. What is puzzling in this context (and has extremely significant practical implications) is whether a breach of this condition in the first year will result in the ZAW-RD becoming ineffective, or in the loss of the right to this tax preference at the end of the first year. If the first conclusion were correct, such a taxpayer would incur tax arrears, whereas in the second scenario, there would be no arrears. However, the conclusions drawn from a literal interpretation differ from those arising from a purposive interpretation. This article aims to verify which type of interpretation should be applied in this regard.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
Since the political and economic transformation of 1989, public museums in Poland have undergone change, which is particularly evidenced by high numbers of visitors, new premises, and award-winning exhibitions. Those developments, however, are not systemic, and furthermore, the introduction of change is far from consistent and encounters stern resistance. There is, moreover, a marked lack of knowledge concerning the reasons for this status quo. Therefore, to address this cognitive gap, the following research question was posed: what are the key barriers to organisational change in Poland's public museums? In order to answer it, the authors conducted a qualitative empirical study involving 27 interviews with top-level directors of Polish public museums. The results suggest that the main barriers to organisational change are internal, including low organisational culture and the absence of a clearly defined attitude to the visitor, as well as external barriers, particularly the lack of respect of the governing body for museum autonomy and lack of financial stability in the institutions governing them.
This paper attempts to conceptualise media management (MM) education by confronting existing definitions of MM with the perspective of academic teaching staff from four selected Polish public universities offering education in this area within social communication and media studies. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of 23 interviews with representatives of the authorities of media and communication studies units and academic staff specialising in MM. As a result, we identified MM’s major features (research areas, media-industry specificity, and processes), difficulties in defining MM (inter-, multi-, and transdisciplinarity, obsolescence, scientific and educational conditions), and difficulties in defining the teaching of MM (the area of education and the theoretical-practical approach). Our study contributes to the body of knowledge on academic education in MM. It is also the first step toward re-conceptualising MM education as a research subject.
The article presents the results of the research conducted in March 2019 and November 2024 on the representative samples of Polish internet users over 15 years of age (N=815 in both surveys), devoted to their opinions on the hate speech phenomenon in internet: understanding the meaning of the term hate speech (hejt in Polish), motivations to criticize other internet users and to use the hate speech (hejtować in Polish), the groups using the most often hate speech (hejt) and the groups being the most often the victims of hate speech. The changes in time (between 2019 and 2024) are analysed in the article. About 90% of Polish internet users treat the hate speech as the serious social problem and supports fight against it. At the same time in opinion of three of four Polish internet users (74% in 2019 and 73% in 2024) fight against
hate speech should not limit the freedom of speech.
