Most former studies on maternal gatekeeping have been limited to mothers’ reports and the United States context. Accordingly, we modified the Maternal Gatekeeping Measure (MGM) to measure both mothers’ and fathers’ beliefs and behaviors and titled the new version the Parental Gatekeeping Measure (PGM). We conducted two studies on Polish parents having children under 3 years old. In the first, aimed to verify the internal structure and reliability of the PGM, we recruited 290 parents (aged 22–45; 54% mothers). Next, 113 heterosexual dyads of parents (n = 226; aged 23–44; 50% mothers) were recruited in Study 2, which aimed to investigate the PGM’s criterion validity by examining its relationships with parental identity, values, dyadic perfectionism, and another measure of parental gatekeeping. The original three-factor structure of the MGM was replicated in the modified Polish version. Additionally, we successfully established the gender invariance of the PGM and found significant differences in the intensity of gatekeeping between mothers and fathers. Our analysis revealed that stronger parental gatekeeping was related to stronger dyadic perfectionism, control, discouragement, and traditional values. Thus, the Polish modification of the MGM is a reliable, valid, and psychometrically sound measure of parental gatekeeping beliefs and behaviors.
Introduction & Objectives
The aim of this paper is to present the process of developing and validating the Polish version of the Identity Distress Survey (IDS-PL).
Method
First, the back-translation method was adopted to develop the IDS-PL. Second, four studies were conducted with a total of 738 people (67.1% female; all Caucasian) aged 17 to 27 (M = 21.90, SD = 2.23) to: 1) investigate the internal structure (confirmatory factor analyses); 2) verify the reliability (internal and test–retest); and 3) establish the criterion validity of the IDS-PL.
Results
CFA allowed us to choose the best approach to calculating IDS-PL scores and revealed that data from the Polish sample are well fitted to the internal structure of the IDS. The internal and test-retest reliability of the IDS-PL was confirmed to be acceptable. Finally, the criterion validity of the IDS-PL was established by findings indicating that stronger identity distress was related to lower self-esteem, a lower presence of meaning in life, stronger anxiety and depressiveness, and higher ruminative exploration.
Discussion
Taken together, the IDS-PL may be considered a reliable measure of identity distress that can be used in studies concerning identity development in young people.
This article introduces three distinct theories emerging from contemporary Chinese literary circles: the search for “global elements” proposed by Chen Sihe, Cao Shunqing’s variation theory, and Wang Ning’s concept of “global poetics.” Each of these theories creatively reimagines the relationship between Chinese literature and world literature, challenging the dominant image of a literary system that has been mostly shaped by Western aesthetics and concepts. In this context, world literature is conceptualized in the article as a kind of ideoscape. Although each of these three contributions pursues slightly different aims, they all hold the potential to expand our understanding of the global circulation of literary ideas.
As global migration continues to grow, its impact increasingly extends to Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland, a country that remained culturally homogeneous for decades after World War II. With this growing cultural pluralism comes the need for an adequate and reliable instrument to measure endorsement of multiculturalism. The present study addresses this gap by adapting and validating the Revised Multicultural Ideology Scale (MCI-r) for use in Poland and examining its psychometric properties. The study was conducted in 2023 in two waves, approximately three weeks apart, on a nationally representative sample of Polish adults (N = 2,132) stratified by age, gender, and municipality size. Results were most consistent with a six factor structure (with one item removed), consistent with the theoretical specification of the construct but differing from the four-factor solutions typically found in Western European and Canadian samples. Confirmatory factor analyses supported configural, metric, and scalar invariance across the two waves of the study and across gender, and the scale demonstrated high test–retest stability. Moreover, the MCI-r showed clear predictive validity: stronger endorsement of multiculturalism was associated with more favorable attitudes toward war refugees from Ukraine and with lower social and, to a much lesser extent, economic conservatism. Overall, the MCI-r emerged as a positive and, in fact, the strongest predictor of attitudes toward Ukrainian refugees, providing a robust tool for monitoring diversity ideologies in contemporary Polish society.
Digital transformation (DT) is increasingly shaping business strategies, a shift driven by the rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT). This dynamic has intensified ICT job demands, such as ICT Workload, leading to increased digital transformation stress (DTS). Many studies also attribute digital stress to an aging workforce and their presumed low ICT skills. Therefore, to explore this issue, we conducted two studies based on the Job Demands-Resource model. A cross-sectional analysis (N = 165) first identified five specific ICT job demands as predictors of DTS. Remarkably, this study found that even employees with high ICT skills experience DTS, suggesting that DTS is a direct response to ICT demands rather than ICT skill levels. Building on these findings, a longitudinal study (NT1 = 1115, NT2 = 799, and NT3 = 512 participants) with employees aged 45 and above confirmed which ICT demands have the strongest and most sustained impact on DTS over time. In summary, our findings consistently reveal that ICT Workload, Hassles, and Poor Communication are the most significant and persistent predictors of DTS. This research provides a more nuanced understanding of DTS, highlighting the role of rising ICT demands of the workplace.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
