Does ideological extremism within generations explain electoral mobilization? While much of the literature on voter turnout highlights the importance of system-level polarization and the congruence between voters’ ideological positions and party options, the influence of intra-generational peer dynamics on voting behavior remains less explored. Moreover, unlike the ambivalence often produced by cross-pressures in intimate networks such as families or close friends, divergence from generational peers may heighten the salience of political identity and encourage mobilization. This paper argues that individuals with more extreme ideological views relative to the average within their generation are more likely to participate in elections. Rather than a condition of alienation, ideological extremism operates as an active force that compels individuals to defend their political identities, either by resisting perceived threats from opposing ideologies or by articulating deeply held convictions. Using data from the Polish National Election Study (POLNES) collected between 2011 and 2023, this study examines how divergence from generational norms functions as a distinctive form of extremism that mobilizes voters. The findings indicate that ideological extremism within generations increases the likelihood of voter turnout, offering new insights into the interplay between ideological extremism, generational contexts, and electoral mobilization.
For the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), the Rwandan Genocide started in April 1994 and ended in July of the same year, due to the relevant United Nations Security Council resolution, which tasked the ICTR to prosecute the genocide. In recent years, several authors have claimed that the genocide against the Tutsi to be preceded by another genocide: the massacres against the Bagogwe in the northern part of the country. In this article, we discuss the evidentiary background of these claims, assess them in terms of International Criminal Law and the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda with the aim to establish whether they fulfilled the criteria for a genocide. We emphasize the importance of the protected group criteria and the issue of the perpetrators’ genocidal intent. We conclude that the massacres against the Bagogwe fulfilled even the demanding requirements of the ICTR’s concept of crimes against humanity. However, at first sight, the Bagogwe seem to lack the necessary characteristics of a group protected by the Genocide Convention. By applying the Akayesu criteria of ‘any stable and permanent’ group and new research showing they were targeted not just as Tutsi but specificly as traditional cattle holding Tutsi, we propose to overcome this obstacle.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
This article is a reconsideration of the object of the so-called feminist “sex wars”, past and present. Building on the transfeminist effort to broaden our understanding of “sex” beyond a limiting sex-as-biology and gender-as-culture framework, this article seeks to show the importance of the pleasures of having a sex - a sexed body and role - to the sex wars. In order to do so, it reads two pieces of sex wars era polemical feminist literature in parallel, arguing that while the two texts represent radically different outlooks on ethics and possibility of enjoying having a sex and being sexed, they both show the importance of this question to the sex wars. Finally, the article argues that this broadened perspective on the sex wars can help us make sense of the contemporary feminist conflicts over sex, both as a desire, and as an embodiment - especially trans embodiment.
The resolution of June 16, 2025, ref. III FPS 1/25, finally ended the judicial dispute over the issue of delivering a copy of the order, i.e., whether it should be delivered to the obligated party or to the representative appointed in the main (tax assessment) case. Its procedural effects are currently particularly important in practice. It should be remembered that the delivery of this copy results in the suspension of the limitation period for the tax liability. It is likely that in a large number of proceedings, whether ongoing or already concluded, there have been defects in this respect. It is therefore necessary to consider whether the limitation period has been effectively suspended and, if the decision is already final, whether it can be declared invalid.
Narrative identity refers to the dynamic inner story people create to connect their past, present, and expected future, fostering self-continuity and coherence over time (McAdams, 2001). It differs from other layers of personality, like traits or psychological adaptations, because it provides an “insider perspective” on personhood, making the individual the primary expert on their own life story and serving as an author who organizes or “binds” the personality together (McAdams & McLean, 2013; McAdams, 2020). Narrative identity development depends on social and cognitive skills that emerge during adolescence and early adulthood, enabling people to reflect on both past and envisioned future life events through processes of autobiographical reasoning (Habermas & Bluck, 2000; McAdams, 2001). A coherent, stable, and meaningful narrative identity is important for mental health and well-being (Adler et al., 2016).
Narrative identity has traditionally been examined through labor-intensive content coding procedures (e.g., Adler, 2012; Adler et al., 2015), but recent developments have introduced self-report measures that offer a more accessible way to assess various aspects of narrative identity (Hallford & Mellor, 2017). While a substantial body of research has linked adaptive narrative identity to higher well-being and disturbed narrative identity to elevated mental illness (Adler et al., 2012; Cowan et al., 2021; Jensen et al., 2020; see also Lind et al., 2020 for an integrative review), only one existing self-report measure – the Narrative Identity Self-Evaluation Scale (NISE; Lind et al., 2024) – includes a dedicated subscale capturing disturbances in narrative identity. In the current study, we validated a Polish version of the NISE, and we examined how NISE scores, particularly the disturbed narrative identity subscale, relate to various aspects of mental health, including depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.
