War changes everything. What works in peacetime does not necessarily work in a time of war, when new, situation-specific solutions are needed. For journalists, war is inevitably connected with the emergence of numerous dilemmas of a moral nature. When codes of journalistic ethics do not provide answers, reflection on key values, their meaning, and hierarchy in the work of a journalist are needed. The article aims to indicate the moral dilemmas of journalists reporting on war, based on examples related to the war in Ukraine, as well as to describe them from axiological and deontological perspectives. The study is focused on the work of television journalists. Hermeneutics and phenomenological analysis were used in the research process.
Codes of journalistic ethics were not written for the times of global threat to the lives and health of many people. There are no clear and straightforward words of advice on how to report on coronavirus pandemic. There are however many challenges, as news services nowadays are a story about medical staff and patients fighting the disease, about race with time to find a vaccine, and about employers and governments battling to stop the economic crisis. Reliable, honest and responsible journalism is perhaps more important now than it ever was. This article presents the main risks and ethical challenges that journalists are facing in times of pandemic.
The aim of this article is to analyze the evolution of American media’s attitude toward self-regulation from the recommendations presented by the Commission on Freedom of the Press (the Hutchins Commission) to the present day. The author posits that, over time, the media’s initial skepticism towards self-regulation mechanisms has transformed into a form of engagement. The research process involved content analysis of primary sources (American press from the 1940s, the Commission’s report), a systematic literature review, and data analysis from journalistic organizations. The study’s conclusions address the nature of changes in the media’s stance on self-regulation and the factors that directly led to these changes. The findings of this analysis also contribute to the broader discussion on the need to build an effective media self-regulation system in Poland.
Purpose: The study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Polish version of the identity leadership inventory (ILI) proposed by Steffens, Haslam, Reicher et al. (2014) and to confirm the relationship between identity leadership and various job-related outcomes (i.e., trust in leaders, job satisfaction, work engagement and turnover intentions) among employees from Poland-based organizations. Identity leadership appears to be a universal construct (van Dick, Ciampa, & Liang, 2018) but no one has studied it in Poland so far.
Design/methodology/approach: The sample consisted of 1078 employees collected in two independent subsamples from different organizations located in Northern and Central Poland. We evaluated the ILI’s factorial structure using confirmatory factor analysis.
Findings: The results confirm that the 15-item Polish version of the ILI has a four-dimensional structure with factors representing prototypicality, advancement, entrepreneurship and impresarioship. It showed satisfactory reliability. The identity leadership inventory-short form (four items) also showed a good fit with the data. As expected, the relationships between identity leadership and important work-related outcomes (general level of job satisfaction, work engagement, trust toward the leader and turnover intentions) were also significant.
Originality/value: Despite the cultural specifics of Polish organizations, the research results were generally very similar to those in other countries, confirming the universality of the ILI as shown in the Global Identity Leadership Development project (GILD, see van Dick, Ciampa, & Liang, 2018; van Dick et al., 2021).
