The embodied simulation approach predicts that restricting facial movements disrupts emotion recognition. Such effects have been reported for facial and whole-body emotional expressions, but findings remain inconsistent, and it is unclear whether they generalize to emotional sounds. Previous work has also shown that restricting mimicry induces a positivity bias in valence ratings, consistent with the facial feedback hypothesis. Here, we tested whether restricting facial mimicry impairs recognition of emotional sounds across four emotion categories in a forced-choice task and whether it affects valence and arousal ratings. Drawing on previous findings indicating that vocal emotional expressions elicit facial mimicry, whereas instrumental emotional sounds do not, we expected to find an effect only for the former. Instrumental sounds were recognized less accurately and more slowly than vocalizations, particularly for negative and neutral expressions. Crucially, both frequentist and Bayesian analyses provided no evidence that the pen-in-mouth manipulation impaired emotion recognition or influenced valence or arousal ratings. Taken together, these findings underscore the need for further studies to systematically determine the conditions under which restricting emotional mimicry influences emotion processing, as well as the nature of such effects.
Emotional stimuli – such as facial expressions, images, or text – can influence behavior, including important decisions. This influence is complex as these stimuli may engage multiple psychological and physiological processes. The processes encompass (i) perception, attention, and memory, (ii) motor patterns, (iii) central and peripheral circuitry, (iv) subjective feelings, and (v) inferences regarding the stimulus’ meaning. All these processes can shape subsequent behavior. For example, a smile may communicate permission and encouragement to explore. A smile may also lift one’s conscious mood, which, in turn, may serve as a basis for more favorable judgments. However, other mechanisms can operate without involving conscious feelings. In fact, in some studies on facial expressions, researchers observe shifts in attention, perception, and memory, changes in physiology (e.g., amygdala activation, sweating, respiration, heart rate) and behavior (e.g., approach, consumption, risky decisions), without participants reporting any feelings. In other studies, observed changes in behavior are causally unrelated to changes in feelings. In this article, we propose a framework distinguishing informational, feeling-based, and unconscious affective pathways of affective influence. We illustrate our framework with key studies, focusing on the variety of influences by facial expressions.
Dataset contains data on the relationship between omega-3 fatty rich foods and omega-3 acid intake (ALA, EPA, DHA) and mental health (mood, perceived stress) and cognitive functioning (recognition and short-term memory) in healthy adults. The data controller was SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland. Questionnaire data were collected and exported via the Qualtrics platform; the computerized cognitive tasks were administered through Pavlovia.
Summary of participant characteristics and descriptive statistics: respondents - 313; variables - 206; sex - 274 women, 39 men; age: 20–90 years (mean = 40.30).
Study phases: 52 participants completed the second, in-person phase, which added a cognitive screening (MMSE) and an in-depth, in-person dietary interview; the remaining 261 participated in the online Phase 1 only.
Two files are provided: the dataset (.xlsx) and a codebook (.xlsx) listing each variable's name, label, type, valid/missing counts, and range or value coding.
Interpersonal relationships vary in the extent to which they are regulated by communal norms of care and responsiveness versus exchange norms emphasizing proportionality and reciprocity. Although the consequences of these relational orientations are well-documented, their antecedents remain less well understood. We examined whether communal and exchange orientations reflect distinct self-regulatory strategies rooted in adaptive versus maladaptive forms of self-evaluation. In Study 1 (U.S. sample, N = 452), communal orientation toward a close relationship partner was positively associated with self-esteem and negatively associated with narcissism, whereas exchange orientation showed the opposite pattern, being strongly linked to narcissism and largely unrelated to self-esteem. Preregistered Study 2 (N = 1791, conducted in United States and South Africa) used a within-person design across multiple relationship targets. Multilevel structural equation modeling showed that relational closeness was a strong predictor of communal orientation but a weaker predictor of exchange orientation. Exchange orientation was consistently predicted by both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, particularly in close relationships, whereas communal orientation was only weakly related to individual differences. These findings suggest that communal orientation is primarily relationship-driven, whereas exchange orientation reflects a more stable, personality-linked strategy for regulating dependence and vulnerability in social relationships.
How do children reason about fairness when transgressors receive different consequences for the same misdeed? In a pre-registered study with N = 122 participants at 6 to 9 years, we investigated how children evaluate unequal norm enforcement (punishment vs. leniency) and how they integrate a transgressor’s knowledge state about the inequality into their emotion attributions. Results showed that children revised their emotion attributions depending on whether the transgressor was aware of being treated differently. Children initially attributed happiness to an unpunished transgressor or sadness to a punished transgressor. However, they subsequently attributed mixed emotions such as guilt or sadness combined with relief to transgressors who learned about the inequality but not to transgressors who only knew about the punishment to the self. These results suggest that children reflect not only on the consequences to the individual but also on the transgressors’ knowledge about whether a meta-norm of equality has been violated.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
