This multi-centre, qualitative study aimed to identify dimensions of mental health and possible determining factors of help-seeking among young people in Europe. Based on adolescent experiences, key risk factors for their mental health should be detected to inform preventive interventions. Focus group sessions were conducted in Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK with adolescents aged 10 to 24 years, and their stakeholders (parents, school professionals and clinicians). The discussions followed a broad rationale asking about stressors, coping strategies, and barriers and facilitators of help-seeking. The recorded sessions were transcribed and analysed via thematic analysis. All seven sites conducted the analysis in local languages and final results were collated after translation. Overall, 124 adolescents and 81 stakeholders participated in 40 focus groups. Across all age groups of adolescents, pressure to perform academically and social life were core influencers of mental health. Trust was the key prerequisite for seeking support, whereby personal contacts were the foremost points of contact. Both groups recognized advantages and limitations of digital resources, although adolescents were more likely to mention positive aspects. Adolescents and stakeholders both viewed lack of trust and fear of judgment as significant barriers against accessing support services. Risk factors for the mental health of adolescents encompassed both personal and sociocultural aspects. Our findings highlight the need for mental health literacy of adolescents and their stakehoders to overcome personal risk factors. Sociocultural prevention must focus on building secure, non-judgmental relationships within school environments and professional support systems.
Two amendments, enacted in recent years, to the Civil Code’s provisions on the limitation of claims – the first one extending the limitation period until the end of a given calendar year, and the second one replacing the interruption of the limitation period with its suspension, when before the lapse of such period a motion was submitted to initiate the settlement proceedings – brought to life the interpretational problems discussed in this article.
The author refers polemically to some attempts to eliminate those problems, considering such attempts to be unconvincing. He also believes that the most efficient remedy would be to delete the second sentence of Article 118 of the Civil Code, which provision – in the author’s opinion – generates new and redundant interpretational problems, while not contributing to solving those which the legislator attempted to mitigate.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
Financial decision-making often requires numerical reasoning. For example, monetary lotteries—a common paradigm in economic psychology—demand evaluation of payoffs and probabilities. To make choices consistent with normative standards such as Expected Value (EV), individuals must perform accurate calculations. However, limited numerical skills often hinder EV-consistent choices and reduce potential earnings. This study tested whether brief interventions could improve financial decision-making and subsequent emotional responses, defined as lower negative emotions and/or higher positive emotions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Control, Calculation, or Calculation & Estimation. In the Control condition, participants made choices in ten monetary lotteries. In the Calculation condition, they received instructions on computing EV prior to the task. In the Calculation & Estimation condition, participants were additionally trained in estimation strategies designed to simplify computations. Although overall group differences did not reach statistical significance (p < .05), planned comparisons showed that participants in the Calculation condition made significantly more EV-consistent choices than those in the Control condition. Exploratory analyses further revealed that deliberation time mediated the link between condition and EV-consistent choices: participants in both intervention groups spent more time deliberating, which in turn contributed to improved financial outcomes. Individual differences also played a role: objective numeracy predicted more EV-consistent choices, both numeracy and math attitudes predicted deliberation time, and trait math anxiety predicted stronger negative emotional reactions. In sum, the findings suggest that teaching EV calculation can promote deliberation and support more rational economic choices, even through brief interventions.
