Interpersonal relationships vary in the extent to which they are regulated by communal norms of care and responsiveness versus exchange norms emphasizing proportionality and reciprocity. Although the consequences of these relational orientations are well-documented, their antecedents remain less well understood. We examined whether communal and exchange orientations reflect distinct self-regulatory strategies rooted in adaptive versus maladaptive forms of self-evaluation. In Study 1 (U.S. sample, N = 452), communal orientation toward a close relationship partner was positively associated with self-esteem and negatively associated with narcissism, whereas exchange orientation showed the opposite pattern, being strongly linked to narcissism and largely unrelated to self-esteem. Preregistered Study 2 (N = 1791, conducted in United States and South Africa) used a within-person design across multiple relationship targets. Multilevel structural equation modeling showed that relational closeness was a strong predictor of communal orientation but a weaker predictor of exchange orientation. Exchange orientation was consistently predicted by both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, particularly in close relationships, whereas communal orientation was only weakly related to individual differences. These findings suggest that communal orientation is primarily relationship-driven, whereas exchange orientation reflects a more stable, personality-linked strategy for regulating dependence and vulnerability in social relationships.
How do children reason about fairness when transgressors receive different consequences for the same misdeed? In a pre-registered study with N = 122 participants at 6 to 9 years, we investigated how children evaluate unequal norm enforcement (punishment vs. leniency) and how they integrate a transgressor’s knowledge state about the inequality into their emotion attributions. Results showed that children revised their emotion attributions depending on whether the transgressor was aware of being treated differently. Children initially attributed happiness to an unpunished transgressor or sadness to a punished transgressor. However, they subsequently attributed mixed emotions such as guilt or sadness combined with relief to transgressors who learned about the inequality but not to transgressors who only knew about the punishment to the self. These results suggest that children reflect not only on the consequences to the individual but also on the transgressors’ knowledge about whether a meta-norm of equality has been violated.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
Introduction: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) substantially affect patients’ physical, psychological, and social functioning. Although numerous studies have evaluated health-related quality of life in IBD, comparatively fewer investigations have focused specifically on life satisfaction and its relationship with socio-demographic characteristics. Aim: The study aimed to compare patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), assess their level of life satisfaction, and evaluate its association with selected socio-demographic factors and social and professional activity. Material and methods: This comparative study included 109 patients with CD and 101 patients with UC. The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of IBD and an age of 18–85 years. The patients were recruited from the Clinical Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Outpatient Gastroenterology Department of the University Hospital of Krakow. Results: The study did not reveal any differences between the groups in mean life satisfaction. No significant differences were observed regarding the effects of the diseases on social and professional activity. The CD patients demonstrated statistically significant differences in their life satisfaction by education level. The satisfaction level of UC subjects was significantly affected by their place of residence. Both CD and UC increased the need to restrict or withdraw from professional life, limiting social contacts. The decrease in Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was most affected by the deterioration of social standing; the least dependence was observed for the necessity of limiting one’s professional life. Conclusions: Both CD and UC patients report similar levels of life satisfaction, as both conditions have a comparable impact on their social and work lives. The patients are apprehensive about their future and are forced to limit their present professional involvement or withdraw from their professional life.
Verbs, as the conventional linguistic category for expressing action and motion, possess meta-semantic associations specifically with action-orientation—associations not typically found in other grammatical classes (e.g., nouns). The central aim of this research was to examine whether the proposed association between verbs and action manifests in shorter response times for verbs compared to other grammatical forms. In Studies 1a and 1b (N1a = 136, N1b = 323), we examined the impact of exposure to verbs versus nouns on overall completion time for a complex questionnaire survey. In Studies 2a and 2b (N2a = 92, N2b = 96), we employed a syntactic classification task to investigate behavioral responses to verbs and nouns, using a pseudoword paradigm in which carefully constructed lexical stimuli were devoid of semantic meaning but clearly conveyed grammatical class through suffixes. Across all four experiments, we consistently observed shorter response times for verbs and pseudoverbs compared to nouns and pseudonouns, suggesting that grammatical class exerts meta-semantic effects on behavior.
