This systematic review examined how differences in intervention components may contribute to inconsistent findings in genetic risk communication studies, addressing obesity-related outcomes (e.g., weight reduction, nutrition behavior, exercise). The review was preregistered (PROSPERO #CRD42024524026) and followed PRISMA guidelines. Searches across eight databases identified 23 randomized controlled trials, covering 18 intervention trials. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. A narrative synthesis was used to cluster studies by the content of intervention and control groups. Genetic risk communication alone (no behavioral counseling, addressing nutrition and exercise) or combined with phenotype-based risk was ineffective and sometimes counterproductive among low-risk individuals. When combined with personalized behavioral counseling, effectiveness improved, but only when compared to waitlist control groups or non-personalized behavioral counseling. Significant effects emerged in high–genetic risk subgroups within personalized behavioral counseling, using behavior change techniques such as problem-solving, feedback on behavior, self-monitoring, and environmental changes. The most promising results emerged from complex interventions integrating genetic risk communication into multiple sessions and combining numerous additional behavioral change techniques, such as social reward, cues/prompts, self-reward. Complex personalized interventions combining multiple behavior change techniques and prompting experiential genetic risk awareness show promise for improving weight, nutrition, and exercise-related outcomes.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article
Objectives
This study investigated how self-regulatory action control indicators (self-regulatory effort, awareness of standards, self-monitoring) and perceived physical environment (perceived physical environment at home, in the neighbourhood, and availability of health promotion programs) are connected to explain moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) over time. Furthermore, we examined whether these associations were moderated by an ‘objective’ physical environmental indicator, comparing small towns and rural areas with fewer PA facilities with a large city with more physical activity (PA) facilities.
Methods and Design
The study applied a prospective design, with participants (N = 593) providing data twice, spanning 8 months between the measurements. MVPA time was assessed using ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometers. Two-group mediation models were tested with path analyses.
Results
The associations representing mediating effects, encompassing perceived home environment → awareness of standards → MVPA were significant and positive in the city (with more PA facilities), but no mediation effects were found for data collected in towns/rural areas (with fewer PA facilities). High perceived availability of health promotion programmes was directly related to lower MVPA, but only in towns/rural areas (with fewer PA facilities).
Conclusions
The findings suggest distinct patterns of associations in the larger city, compared to smaller towns/rural areas. Different perceived environmental characteristics and different self-regulatory action control facets may directly and indirectly predict MVPA of citizens living in these two types of locations.
Democratic hypocrisy – the tendency for citizens to express support for democratic norms in the abstract while tolerating violations of those norms when doing so serves their partisan interests – has been identified as a potential threat to liberal democracy in conditions of affective polarisation. Yet existing research has relied on declared preferences, leaving open the question of whether such hypocrisy manifests itself in the kinds of multidimensional choices that characterise real political decision-making. Using a conjoint experiment embedded in a three-wave panel survey spanning Poland’s transition from illiberal PiS incumbency to a pro-democratic KO-led coalition government, I examine whether citizens’ revealed preferences for liberal democracy change when power changes hands. Results show that Polish citizens consistently punish candidates who espouse illiberal views, and that this tendency is not significantly altered by the change of government, even among citizens who are highly affectively polarised. Contrary to expectations, citizens polarised in favour of the former incumbent party did not become more protective of liberal-democratic norms after losing power. These findings suggest that revealed preferences for liberal democracy are more stable than theories of democratic hypocrisy would predict, but also that democratic restoration cannot rely on a natural correction in public attitudes following a change of government.
This study investigated the language expertise hypothesis on mouth-looking in toddlerhood and explored potential culture and sex effects. Polish and Norwegian 18- and-24-month-olds (N = 101; 44.55% females; data collected 2022–2024) viewed a speaker telling a story in familiar and unfamiliar languages. Toddlers showed more mouth-than-eyes looking across age groups, suggesting more mouth interest. They also showed greater mouth-looking in familiar languages, indicating language familiarity effects. Toddlers with larger vocabularies showed more mouth-looking in unfamiliar languages, possibly seeking helpful phonological-visual cues. These data show that mouth-looking continues supporting language development in toddlerhood in ways related to prior language experience. Exploratory analyses showed important differences in language acquisition and mouth-looking by language or culture and sex; potential mechanisms for such effects are discussed.
The purpose of this article is to present selected aspects of threats appearing in social media that may lead to a violation of a child’s safety and, as a result, harm their well-being. The article focuses on violations committed by the parents of minors. The intensity and scale of these violations may lead to abuse of parental authority and require specific action to be taken. The article also discusses examples of legal solutions that strengthen child safety on social media. A formal-dogmatic method was used, both analytically and
synthetically, while also employing well-known methods of legal interpretation (linguistic, systemic, functional, and logical), and, to a limited extent, comparative law.
