Does ideological extremism within generations explain electoral mobilization? While much of the literature on voter turnout highlights the importance of system-level polarization and the congruence between voters’ ideological positions and party options, the influence of intra-generational peer dynamics on voting behavior remains less explored. Moreover, unlike the ambivalence often produced by cross-pressures in intimate networks such as families or close friends, divergence from generational peers may heighten the salience of political identity and encourage mobilization. This paper argues that individuals with more extreme ideological views relative to the average within their generation are more likely to participate in elections. Rather than a condition of alienation, ideological extremism operates as an active force that compels individuals to defend their political identities, either by resisting perceived threats from opposing ideologies or by articulating deeply held convictions. Using data from the Polish National Election Study (POLNES) collected between 2011 and 2023, this study examines how divergence from generational norms functions as a distinctive form of extremism that mobilizes voters. The findings indicate that ideological extremism within generations increases the likelihood of voter turnout, offering new insights into the interplay between ideological extremism, generational contexts, and electoral mobilization.
Although misophonia is characterized by intense negative emotional responses, the temporal dynamics of these experiences in naturalistic settings are poorly understood. This study utilized ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to characterize the real-time emotional experiences of adults with misophonia outside of laboratory settings. Forty adults with misophonia completed EMA surveys for 10 days. Results indicated that trigger sounds elicited significant elevations in negative emotions, particularly irritability and anger, compared to non-trigger periods. Although most emotional responses subsided substantially within 1 h, recovery patterns and the intensity of reactivity (e.g., hostility, disgust) varied considerably across individuals. Greater emotional reactivity was associated with higher baseline negative affect, greater misophonia severity, and co-occurring psychopathology. To our knowledge, this is the first EMA study to detail real-time emotional patterns in misophonia. Findings provide novel insights into the moment-to-moment experience of the disorder and highlight key individual differences that may inform personalized interventions targeting emotional reactivity.
This article utilizes exit poll data from IPSOS to examine the sociodemographic determinants of voting behavior in the 2023 Polish parliamentary elections. Applying multinomial logistic regression, we examine the independent effects of age, gender, education, occupation, and place of residence on party choice, with PiS as the reference category. The results reveal clear structural divides: younger voters, better-educated voters, and urban voters disproportionately support KO [Koalicja Obywatelska, Civic Coalition], NL [Nowa Lewica, The Left], and, in the case of young men, Konfederacja [Confederation], while older voters, less-educated voters, and rural voters remain PiS’s electoral base. Gender effects are significant, with men more inclined toward Konfederacja and women toward NL. Occupational status further differentiates preferences, with business owners leaning toward Konfederacja and pensioners toward PiS. Predicted probability plots illustrate these dynamics and confirm the persistence of class, generational, and spatial cleavages in Polish politics. Methodologically, the study demonstrates the analytical potential of exit poll data, offering a replicable framework for future electoral research in Poland and beyond.
Easy Language guidelines discourage the use of full overt pronouns and subordinate clauses. This study examines how manipulating these linguistic elements influences perceived reading difficulty, reader preference, and the cognitive effort involved in text processing. We also assessed the effects of null and overt pronouns on content comprehension. 26 adults with intellectual disabilities and 26 neurotypical adults participated in a mixed-design experiment involving two reading tasks. For both tasks, we recorded participants’ eye movements while they rated the perceived difficulty and reported their preference. Additionally, Task 1 included open-ended comprehension questions. The linguistic elements only had significant effects on fixation patterns and focal attention. Crucially, they did not significantly alter perceived text difficulty. These findings suggest that including subordinate clauses does not significantly hinder comprehension. However, further research is essential to guide the future development
of Easy Language, as evidence is still limited regarding its additional linguistic and graphic features and the needs of different target groups.
