Although exposure to traumatic events is necessary for developing posttraumatic stress, the dose–response relationship between exposure and symptom severity remains inconclusive. One explanation may be the multifaceted nature of trauma exposure, with distinct exposure dimensions exerting differential effects on posttraumatic stress. We assessed four dimensions of trauma exposure—diversity, volume, frequency, and perceived severity—across four trauma exposure modalities: personal involvement in the traumatic event, witnessing, vicarious exposure through close others, and work-related indirect trauma exposure. A nationwide survey of Polish adults (N = 808) assessed exposure using the Multidimensional Trauma Exposure Scale and posttraumatic stress symptoms using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. A multiple-indicator multiple-cause structural equation model evaluated 16 dimension-by-modality trauma exposure predictors. Within the direct trauma exposure modality, both frequency of exposure (β = 0.14, SE = 0.05, 95% CI [0.04, 0.23]) and perceived severity of exposure (β = 0.22, SE = 0.05, 95% CI [0.13, 0.31]) were positively associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Additionally, the perceived severity of trauma experienced by close others significantly predicted the outcome (β = 0.08, SE = 0.04, 95% CI [0.00, 0.16]). No exposure dimensions within witnessing or occupational exposure were significantly linked to posttraumatic stress. These findings suggest that separate dimensions of trauma exposure operate through distinct pathways across trauma exposure modalities, with subjective appraisal of exposure severity emerging as the strongest predictor. Simultaneously modeling multiple trauma exposure dimensions and modalities may improve posttraumatic stress risk assessment, providing a theoretically grounded framework for future assessment protocols and intervention research.
The book offers an analytical examination of Asia and the Pacific, a region that, in the opinion of many observers, will engage the world's attention in the twenty-first century. This shift is largely determined by the process of movement from the Euro-Atlantic hemisphere to Asia, the geopolitical and economic gravity of the World. At the center of the author's scientific research are strategic, political, and economic cooperation, which is the driving force of the development dynamics of the entire region from the end of Cold War 1.0 to the beginning of Cold War 2.0. The scope and direction of this cooperation, as well as the major players participating in it, have contributed to the overall result, which places the region at the forefront in terms of its share of global GDP. This book is an updated version of a monograph published in 2022. The decision to publish it in English is guided by the conviction that the language, as a contemporary lingua franca, will make the work accessible to a wider group of readers, including decision-makers responsible for shaping the paradigms of politics in the Asia-Pacific field, as well as researchers and students of international studies.
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweMonografia (zamknięty dostęp)Monograph
The self-interest bias describes an inclination of people to evaluate transgressors morally better when the latter’s actions serve the former’s interests. Effective interventions to mitigate this type of self-serving bias remain underexplored. The current research investigates education and accountability as potential moderators of this bias. In preregistered Study 1 (N = 668), as predicted, educating participants about the self-interest bias eliminated its effect on their moral character judgments. However, across three preregistered accountability studies (N = 2,239), holding participants accountable for their judgments did not attenuate the bias. Similarly, in preregistered Study 5 (N = 641), we found no evidence of a combined effect of education and accountability on reducing the bias. These findings suggest that while increasing awareness through education may effectively reduce biased moral judgments, accountability, especially when lacking external scrutiny or consequences, does not. Theoretical implications, methodological limitations, and future research opportunities are discussed.
Women are greatly underrepresented in positions of political leadership around the world. In seeking to explain this underrepresentation, some researchers have pointed to people's tendencies to stereotype leaders as more similar to men than women as these tendencies can support the belief that women are unsuited to leadership. This project aimed to test whether a subtle linguistic intervention was able to ameliorate this gender bias in political leadership stereotypes across different languages and national contexts (country/region N = 42, language N = 30, sample N = 22,996). Specifically, this project examined whether gender-fair language (e.g., the use of paired pronouns ‘he or she’) can reduce the tendency for people to stereotype political leaders as more similar to men than women. To increase the rigor with which these stereotypes were measured, this project complemented the dominant ‘cheap talk’ measure of personal stereotype content with an incentivised community measure of this content. As expected, participants stereotyped political leaders as more similar to men than women; this pattern was stronger on the incentivised measure of community stereotypes. Unexpectedly, there was no evidence that paired pronouns reduced this bias (there was weak exploratory evidence that paired nouns increased participants' tendencies to stereotype political leaders as more similar to women). This project suggests that the ability of gender-fair language interventions to ameliorate gender bias in the political leadership domain may be limited.
