Artykuły
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- 2025
Introducing the addictive daydreaming scale: development and Polish validation of the ADS-20 and ADS-5
Background and aims: Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) is a pattern of excessive, compulsive fantasizing associated with functional impairment. While its classification remains debated, increasing evidence suggests that it may be understood as an addictive form of emotion regulation. This study aimed to develop and validate a new self-report tool, grounded in the behavioral addiction framework, for screening and assessing the severity of MD, and to examine its potential clinical utility. Methods: A mixed-clinical (N = 182) and non-clinical (N = 231) sample completed the Addictive Daydreaming Scale (ADS) in two forms: a 20-item full version (ADS-20) and a 5-item screening test (ADS-5), together with established measures of MD, quality of life, and self-rated impact of daydreaming. Results: Psychometric analyses confirmed that both the ADS-20 and ADS-5 demonstrated high reliability and strong content, criterion, and construct validity. ADS scores were more strongly correlated with both the psychological and social domains of quality of life than Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale scores, supporting its sensitivity to functional impairment. Cut-off scores of ≥42 (ADS-20) and ≥8 (ADS-5) showed good accuracy for identifying clinically significant cases. Conclusions: The ADS-20 and ADS-5 are reliable, valid instruments for identifying and assessing addictive features of maladaptive daydreaming. Their use may support improved clinical detection, assessing the severity of MD and help conceptualize it within the behavioral addictions framework.Otwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article - 2026-05-26
Criminal justice system stakeholders' perspectives on rape myth acceptance interventions for jurors
Conviction rates for Rape and Serious Sexual Offences (RASSO) cases remain low in England and Wales. Research suggests that juror belief in rape myths may be a key factor contributing to such rates owing to the significant impact they can have on jury decision-making. Given this, various proposals have been made as to how juror belief in rape myths could be addressed, including the provision of educational information regarding rape myths in the form of judicial directions or a standardised educational intervention. While stakeholder views have been explored with regards to juror belief in rape myths, limited research has considered their views regarding rape myth acceptance (RMA) interventions for jurors. In this qualitative study we sought to gain insight into the views of victim-survivors who have engaged with the criminal justice system, barristers, and Independent Sexual Violence Advisors/Advocates (ISVAs) regarding juror belief in rape myths and RMA interventions for jurors. Our results from the thematic analysis of 28 interviews highlight both that there is support for the proposal to develop and implement an RMA intervention for jurors, and stakeholder's views regarding key issues that should be considered in the design of such an intervention.Otwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article - 2025-07-30
Legal reading: the effective teaching of legal skills in the civil law system (part I) – findings from the Polish empirical study
This article is the first in a series on teaching legal reading in the Polish continental legal system. It presents research on first-year law students in Poland who participated in the first legal reading skills classes in the history of Polish legal education. The study aimed to assess the necessity of teaching legal skills in Poland and the effectiveness of the methods used. The research employed mixed methods, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative questions. Findings showed that the course was positively received by students, who valued the innovative approach and the instructors’ expertise. The data supports the idea that learning through observation, imitation and interaction within a supportive educational environment is highly effective. The study concludes that the course’s novel and innovative methods significantly enhanced student engagement. The educational environment created by the instructors was crucial to this success. The course’s continuation at SWPS University’s School of Law since 2017 demonstrates its tangible benefits. The popularity and positive outcomes highlight the needOtwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article - 2026-02-26
Reduced Readiness for Social Interaction as a Strategy for Pathogen Avoidance by Women in Various Stages of Pregnancy and Postpartum
The Behavioral Immune System (BIS) drives disgust-based avoidance, but its response to immunological changes during pregnancy is understudied. The Compensatory Prophylaxis Hypothesis (CPH) predicts heightened disease-avoidant social behavior in early pregnancy due to immunosuppression. We examined whether first-trimester women show reduced willingness to engage with outgroup members or individuals displaying infection signs compared to later pregnancy stages and postpartum. We also assessed moderation by perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) and perceived COVID-19 threat. Data were collected in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic via online surveys in two studies. In the cross-sectional Study 1 (N = 425, age 18–46, M = 29.64, SD = 5.37), pregnant participants at different stages of pregnancy assessed their willingness to engage in social contact with individuals displaying or not displaying infection cues shown in photographs, and then completed measures of PVD and Perceived Threat of COVID-19. The longitudinal Study 2 (N = 112, age 22–41, M = 30.14, SD = 4.05) employed the same procedure, administered four times—during the first, second, and third trimesters, and postpartum. Findings did not support CPH. Social avoidance was unrelated to the pregnancy stage but significantly associated with PVD and COVID-19 threat. Results underscore the situational and individual flexibility of BIS responses.Otwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article - 2025-11-07
Think Smooth and Pink: The Role of Skin Color and Texture in Caucasian Female Genital aesthetics
Background: Female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) is increasingly popular; yet, research has largely focused on labia size while neglecting the estrogen-related color and quality of genital skin. Evidence from facial attractiveness studies and comparative primatology suggests that genital skin perfusion and smoothness may contribute to perceived attractiveness. Objectives: We investigated whether vulvar skin perfusion and smoothness predict perceived genital attractiveness and compared its impact with that of labia size and volume. Methods: A standardized image database of 1080 vulvar images from healthy women was analyzed for morphometric and colorimetric features. Representative images (n = 360) were digitally manipulated to vary skin perfusion (measured as a* value). Attractiveness judgments were obtained from 159 Polish adults (45 men, 114 women; mean age = 26.7) in 40,991 forced-choice paired comparisons. Bradley–Terry models estimated latent attractiveness scores. Analyses of covariance tested chromatic manipulations, and hierarchical regression identified predictors across colorimetric, morphological, and demographic factors. Results: Enhanced vulvar skin perfusion significantly increased attractiveness relative to natural and reduced skin perfusion (P < .001, ηp² = .17). The regression models explained 59% of the variance. Positive predictors included skin redness, greater apparent labia majora volume, and smooth skin texture. The negative predictors were increased labia minora visibility, skin wrinkling/atrophy, presence of a supralabial crease, lower skin lightness, greater skin yellowness, and model age. Conclusions: Perceived genital attractiveness is shaped by both chromatic and morphological features, with vulvar skin perfusion and texture emerging as important determinants. These findings suggest that FGCS planning should look beyond labiaplasty alone, incorporating interventions targeting skin color and quality.Otwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article