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- 2026-01
Wherefore art thou competitors? How situational affordances help differentiate among prosociality, individualism, and competition
Liu, YiStivers, Adam W.Murphy, Ryan O.Van Doesum, Niels J.Joireman, JeffGallucci, MarcelloAharonov-Majar, EfratAthenstaedt, UrsulaBai, LiyingBohm, RobertBuchan, Nancy R.Chen, Xiao-PingDumont, Kitty B.Engelmann, Jan B.Eriksson, KimmoEuh, HyunFiedler, SusannFriesen, JustinGachter, SimonGarcia, CamiloGonzalez, RobertoGraf, SylvieHrebickova, MartinaKaragonlar, GokhanKiyonari, TokoKou, YuKuhlman, D. MichaelLay, SiugminLeonardelli, Geoffrey J.Li, Norman P.Li, YangMaciejowsky, BorisManesi, ZoiMashuri, AliMok, AureliaMoser, Karin S.Netedu, AdrianPammi, ChandrasekharPlatow, Michael J.Reinders Folmer, Christopher P.Reyna, CeciliaSimao, ClaudiaUtz, Sonjavan der Mejn, LeanderWaldzus, SvenWang, YiwenWeber,BerndWeisel, OriWildschut, TimWinter, FabianWu, JunhuiYong, Jose C.Van Lange, Paul A. M.The Triple Dominance Measure (choosing between prosocial, individualistic, and competitive options) and the Slider Measure (“sliding” between various orientations, for example, from individualistic to prosocial) are two widely used techniques to measure social value orientation, that is, the weight individuals assign to own and others’ outcomes in interdependent situations. Surprisingly, there is only moderate correspondence between these measures, but it is unclear why and what the implications are for identifying individual differences in social value orientation. Using a dataset of 8021 participants from 31 countries and regions, this study revealed that the Slider Measure identi ed fewer competitors than the Triple Dominance Measure, accounting for pproximately one-third of the non-correspondence between the two measures. This is (partially) because many of the Slider items do not afford a competitive option. In items where competition is combined with individualism, competitors tended to make the same choices as individualists. Futhermore, we demonstrated the uniqueness of competitors. Compared to prosocials and individualists, competitors exhibited lower levels of both social mindfulness and trust. Overall, the present work highlights the importance of situational affordances in measuring personality, the bene ts of distinguishing between individualists and competitors, and the importance of utilizing a measure that distinguishes between these two proself orientations.Otwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article - 2026-01-22
Discrepancy between self-report and neurophysiological markers of socio-affective responses in lonely individuals
Theoretical models suggest that loneliness may be linked to abnormal social information processing and reduced emotion regulation capacity; yet these effects have mostly been investigated using self-report methods. Therefore, the current preregistered study examined whether loneliness is associated with objective and subjective markers of bottom-up emotional reactivity and cognitive reappraisal efficiency in a cohort of 150 young adults (18–35 years old) recruited to reflect the distribution of loneliness scores in the Polish population. Participants completed an emotion processing and regulation task with both social and nonsocial stimuli while their electroencephalography activity was recorded. Contrary to the hypotheses, when faced with socio-affective stimuli, lonelier individuals did not exhibit abnormal markers of early sensory processing, late sustained processing, or decreased efficiency in reappraisal use, as indicated by event-related potential markers. Only a weak association between loneliness and an increased P300 response to negative vs. neutral social stimuli was found. This pattern of findings did not align with subjective arousal reports, which suggested a decreased response to negative social stimuli and reduced cognitive reappraisal efficiency in lonelier participants. These results suggest that loneliness is linked to disruptions in emotional self-awareness rather than an abnormal response to socio-affective stimuli.Otwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article - 2026-02-20
‘So that he would not eat me’ — Navigating the single self amid shifting cultural grounds. A qualitative study of never-married Polish women's singlehood
This study explored the experiences of never-married single women in Poland, focusing on their narratives of singlehood and its implications for their well-being and life satisfaction. Employing a phenomenologically informed reflexive thematic analysis, we analyzed semi-structured interviews with 18 women aged between 23 and 43. Five key themes were generated in the analysis: 1) Breaking from Stereotypes and Traditional Gender Roles, particularly the cultural figure of the Polish Mother; 2) Balancing Connectedness and Protecting the Self, highlighting tensions between intimacy and autonomy; 3) Perceptions of Masculinity and Men, characterized by devaluation and skepticism; 4) Analyzing the Single Self, that is, the participants' reflecting on their needs, goals, and barriers in relationships and single life, and engaging in the process of meaning-making to navigate societal pressures and construct positive identities; and 5) Living Solo — Possibilities and Challenges, emphasizing both freedom and self-development opportunities as well as occasional struggles with loneliness and the lack of intimacy. The findings revealed that single women participating in the study actively rejected deficit-oriented perspectives on singlehood, embraced autonomy and self-sufficiency, and navigated both societal pressures and evolving gender norms. This study underscored the complexity of singlehood as a psychological phenomenon deeply intertwined with cultural and gendered contexts.Otwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article - 2026-02-24
Charting a new path forward - Maternal cognitive adaptation to child’s autism diagnosis in relation to their psychological functioning
Child’s autism diagnosis is a significant and often challenging event for the parents, requiring psychological adjustment and adaptation. We explored how various patterns of thinking that emerge in response to a child's diagnosis, relate to parental mental health and well-being. We developed and validated the Maternal Cognitive Adaptation to Child's Autism Diagnosis (MCACAD) scale in a sample of 443 mothers of children aged 2–18 years. We identified five distinct cognitive adaptation mechanisms: Belief in Recovery, Comparisons, Belief in Family Growth, Belief in Personal Growth, and Denial of Diagnosis. Factor analysis revealed good psychometric properties, with the five-factor structure explaining 59.63 % of total variance. Results showed that meaning-focused adaptations (Belief in Personal and Family Growth) were associated with better mental health outcomes, while Social Comparisons predicted poorer outcomes. Denial of Diagnosis was associated with increased anxiety, but also was inversely associated with time since diagnosis, suggesting it may act as a shield against initial change-related uncertainty. We have also found that Caregiver burden was the strongest predictor of psychological functioning across all measures. These findings suggest that understanding maternal cognitive adaptations may help identify parents needing additional support and inform interventions promoting adaptive coping strategies following child’s autism diagnosis.Otwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article - 2026-03
Pupillary and attention dynamics in response to road hazard detection
Hazard perception is the ability to anticipate and respond to potentially dangerous traffic situations, which is an important aspect of driving competence. This paper analyses pupil size fluctuations, changes in fixation duration, and the dynamics of ambient/focal attention in a laboratory hazard-perception task to measure underlying attentional and cognitive mechanisms that occur when drivers detect hazards. In the task, licensed drivers (n = 42) watched videos of natural driving scenarios recorded through a dashboard camera while their eye movements were recorded. They were asked to subjectively detect hazards (via a key press), which were later classified as either True- or False-Positive responses. We analyzed the time before and after the decision about the presence of a traffic hazard. As predicted, the pupil size increased over time. The pupil response was stronger for True than False hazard responses. The significant difference in pupil size between True and False responses appeared shortly before the decision and persisted for at least three seconds after it. There was no statistically significant differences in fixation duration over time, but True-Positive responses were related with higher fixation duration compared to False positive decisions. The increase in fixation duration was greater for True-Positive compared to False-Positive decisions. The analysis of ambient and focal attention dynamics revealed that participants maintained focal attention before and after hazard detection. The results show the potential for monitoring oculometrics in assistive driver systems for the detection of distraction and hazard perception in real time.Otwarty dostępArtykułyJournal article