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- 2026-04-01
Investigating the replicability of the social and behavioural sciences
Tyner, Andrew H.Abatayo, Anna LouDaley, MasonField, SamuelFox, NicholasHaber, Noah A.Hahn, Krystal M.Struhl, Melissa KlineMawhinney, BrinnaMiske, OliviaSilverstein, PriyaSoderberg, Courtney K.Stankov, TheresaAbbasi, AhmedAberson, Christopher L.Aczel, BalazsAdamkovič, MatúšAlbayrak, NihanAllen, Peter J.Andreychik, MichaelAwtrey, EliAxxe, ErickAzevedo, FlavioBader, Miles D.Bago, BenceBailey, JamesBakker, MarjanBanik, GabrielBanks, George C.Baskin, ErnestBatruch, AnatoliaBeatteay, AnnikaBehr, Sophie M.Berente, NicholasBerry, ZachariahBiałkowski, JędrzejBodroža, BojanaBoeschoten, LauraBognar, MiklosBokhove, ChristianBonfiglio, DianeBouwman, RobinBrady, Timothy F.Braithwaite, Scott R.Briceño, Gabriel JiménezBrick, CameronBricka, TraciBriker, RomanBrown, Annette N.Brown, Gordon D. A.van Aert, Robbie C. M.Caldwell, KathrynCapitan, SaraCapitán, TabaréChandler, JesseCharles, TessaChartier, Christopher R.Chawdhary, RahulCheng, Kent JasonChopik, William J.Clark, BruceColvin, Victoria E.Comer, C. CozetteCostantini, GiulioCoupé, TomCummins, JamieCzernatowicz-Kukuczka, Anetade Leeuw, JoshuaDobolyi, DavidDruckman, James N.Duan, JianhuaDujmović, MarinDunleavy, Daniel J.Durkee, Patrick K.Emery, CécileEsterling, Kevin M.Evans, Thomas R.Fedor, AnnaFernández-Castilla, BelénFiala, NathanField, James G.Fong, NathanFonseca, Miguel A.Freeman, Alexandra L. J.Freese, JeremyGeiger, Sandra J.Geng, JingGetz, Laura M.Geven, Linda MarjoleineGleibs, Ilka HeleneGonzales, Donna PamellaGooty, JanakiGourdon-Kanhukamwe, AmélieGreculescu, CristinaGriffin, Siobhán M.Grigoryan, LusineGrunow, MartinaGunby, NicholasHall, BraedenHanel, Paul H. P.Hannon, Erin E.Harper, SamHeld, Marco JürgenHickman, LouisHiggins, Nathan C.Hippel, SvenjaHoeppner, SvenHong, SanghyunHostler, Thomas J.Inzlicht, MichaelJaeger, BastianJankowsky, KristinJarke-Neuert, JohannesJensen, MatthewJokić, BiljanaJolles, DanielJolly, PhillipJones, Angela M.Juanchich, MarieKačmár, PavolKapoor, HansikaKeljanovic, AndjelaKoirala, SamjhanaKołczyńska, MartaKouroupaki, DimitraKühnen, UlrichLandgrave, MichelangeloLarson, Michael J.Laulié, LyonelLawrence, Alice C. E.Le Forestier, Joel M.Leahy, Katelin E.Lee, SungmokLeslie, JaredLewis, Savannah C.Limnios, ChristopherLin, HauseLiu, An-ChiaoLloyd, John WillsLudvig, Elliot A.Lynott, DermotMacDonald, JordanMallik, PeterMallinson, Daniel J.Marinazzo, DanieleMartarelli, Corinna S.Matacotta, JoshuaMcBride, AndrewMcHugh, CillianMcMillan, GailMéndez, EstebanMetzger, MitchellMichaelides, Michalis P.Michalak, JohannesMicheli, LeticiaMiller, Jeremy K.Milyavskaya, MarinaMolden, Daniel C.Monjaras, Ambar G.Moreau, DavidMorrow, AudreyMoya, CristóbalMudrik, LiadMulder, Laetitia B.Munt, Katie A.Nandi, ArijitNason, KathrynNast, CarolinNave, GideonNax, Heinrich H.Neubauer, FlorianNguyen, Phuong Linh L.Nichols, Austin LeeNilsonne, GustavO’Boyle, ErnestOettinghaus, JuleOh, JeewonOshana, AdorilOstermann, ThomasOstrowski, Rachel P.Oyebanjo, AbiolaPanczak, RadoslawPatrianakos, JamiePavez, IgnacioPavlov, Yuri G.Persson, SofiaPerugini, MarcoPeters, KimPieters, ConstantPonizovskiy, VladimirPorter, Nathaniel D.Prenoveau, Jason M.Purić, DankaPurol, Mariah F.Puthillam, ArathyQuinn, Kimberly A.Ramljak, MarcoReed, W. RobertRitchie, MichaelaRitzau, MargaretRoche, Sean PatrickRodela, RominaRöer, Jan PhilippRopovik, IvanRothschild, JacobSaal, JustineSafadi, HaniSamaha, JasonSanchez, MarySankaran, SooryaSantos, DavidSargent, Amanda C.Sauter, MarianSchmidt, KathleenSchnabel, LandonSchroeder, Amber N.Schuetz, Sebastian W.Schuetze, Brendan A.Schulte-Mecklenbeck, MichaelSchütz, AstridSevigny, Eric L.Shackleton, EllieShafranek, Richard M.Shaki, SamuelShakya, ShishirSirota, MiroslavSisco, Matthew RyanSitnikov, Maksim M.Slevc, L. RobertSmalarz, LauraSmith, Colin TuckerSnyder, Joel S.Sommet, NicolasSonmez, FatihSpellman, Barbara A.Stanulewicz-Buckley, NataliaStock, GeorgeStreet, Chris N. H.Strømland, EirikSundelin, TinaSyed, MoinSzabelska, AnnaSzaszi, BarnabasSzumowska, EwaTagat, AnirudhTäuber, SusanneTay, LouisThapa, StutiThatcher, JasonTsaklakidou, DomnaTummers, LarsTurkovich, EliseTutor, Melba VerraUrbanska, Karolinavan’t Veer, Anna Elisabethvan Assen, Marcelvan de Ven, Nielsvan den Goorbergh, RubenVargo, Elisabeth JulieVaughn, Leigh AnnVazire, SimineVermeulen, Jentien M.Vo, Diem Thi HongVolkman, VictorWagenmakers, Eric-JanWagner, DeliahWalasek, LukaszWalter, FrankWarmelink, LaraWei, LiuqingWeißflog, Marie IsabelleWeller, NicholasWichman, Aaron L.Wilbiks, JonathanWilliams, Jamal R.Wolfe, KellyWort, FinnianWright, RyanWulff, Jesper N.Xue, XindongYan, Veronica X.Yang, YuzhiYoon, SangsukŽeželj, IrisZhang, YinxianZiano, IgnazioZogmaister, CristinaZupan, ZoranaZwaan, Rolf A.Nosek Brian A.Errington, Timothy M.Pursuing replicability — independent evidence for previous claims — is important for creating generalizable knowledge. Here we attempted replications of 274 claims of positive results from 164 quantitative papers published from 2009 to 2018 in 54 journals in the social and behavioural sciences. Replications were high powered on average to detect the original effect size (median of 99.6%), used original materials when relevant and available, and were peer reviewed in advance through a standardized internal protocol. Replications showed statistically significant results in the original pattern for 151 of 274 claims (55.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 49.2–60.9%)) and for 80.8 of 164 papers (49.3% (95% CI 43.8–54.7%)), weighed for replicating multiple claims per paper. We observed modest variation in replication rates across disciplines (42.5–63.1%), although some estimates had high uncertainty. The median Pearson’s r effect size was 0.25 (95% CI 0.21–0.27) for original studies and 0.10 (95% CI 0.09–0.13) for replication studies, an 82.4% (95% CI 67.8–88.2%) reduction in shared variance. Thirteen methods for evaluating replication success provided estimates ranging from 28.6% to 74.8% (median of 49.3%). Some decline in effect size and significance is expected based on power to detect original effects and regression to the mean because we replicated only positive results. We observe that challenges for replicability extend across social–behavioural sciences, illustrating the importance of identifying conditions that promote or inhibit replicability.Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article - 2026-03-03
Beyond Prototypicality: Identity Leadership Is About Shaping and Embedding a Sense of Social Identity, Not Just Representing It
Wilson-Lemoine, Jérémy E.Swiatczak, Martyna D.Steffens, Niklas K.van Dick, RolfKerschreiter, RudolfArslan Akfirat, SerapAvanzi, LorenzoBallada, Christine Joy A.Barghi, BitaBazarov, TahirAruta, John Jamir Benzon R.Bunjak, AldijanaČerne, MatejDumont, KittyEdelmann, Charlotte M.Epitropaki, OlgaFransen, KatrienGarcía-Ael, CristinaGiessner, Steffen R.Gleibs, Ilka H.Godlewska-Werner, DorotaKark, RonitLaguia Gonzalez, AnaLam, HodarLipponen, JukkaLupina-Wegener, AnnaMarkovits, YannisMaskor, MazlanMolero Alonso, Fernando J.Monzani, LucasMoriano Leon, Juan A.Neves, PedroOrosz, GáborPandey, DiwakarPauknerová, DanielaRoland-Lévy, ChristineSamekin, AdilSchuh, Sebastian C.Sekiguchi, TomokiSong, Lynda JiwenStory, JoanaStouten, JeroenSultanova, LiliyaTatachari, SrinivasanValdenegro, Danielvan Bunderen, LisanneVan Dijk, DinaVörös, ViktorWong, Sut I.Youssef, FaridaZhang, Xin-anHaslam, S. AlexanderResearch inspired by the social identity theory of leadership has focused predominantly on the importance of a leader being seen to be representative of the groups they lead. However, beyond this, research suggests that leaders also need to create, advance, and embed a sense of shared social identity in those groups. In the present research, we explore how these different facets of identity leadership combine to form distinct leader profiles. We draw on two heterogeneous independent samples from the Global Identity Leadership Development project (N = 7682; N = 7855) to explore profiles of leaders’ engagement in identity leadership. In both studies, a latent profile analysis of the results of a CFA using a bifactor-(S − 1) model was conducted. In each case, the analysis identified two different predominant identity leadership profiles: ‘engaged identity leaders’ and ‘moderate-inconsistent identity leaders’. Employees working with engaged identity leaders reported substantially more positive job-related attitudes. The results were very similar across the two studies and suggest that this profile analysis is generalizable. The findings support suggestions that identity leadership is multidimensional rather than solely a matter of identity prototypicality.Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article - 2026-04-07
O presji środkowoeuropejskich wspólnot politycznych na ochronę ich interesów na tle łotewskiego sporu o flagę
The primary objective of this article is to demonstrate the impact of collective identities and communitarian elements on the processes of law application in contemporary Central Europe. The analyses are conducted against the backdrop of a dispute resolved nearly a decade ago by the Latvian Constitutional Court, which, in essence, represented a clash between the language of individual rights and the language of community interests. To verify the hypothesis concerning the influence of values defined as communitarian on final Judicial decisions – with particular emphasis on the reasoning underlying these decisions – the Latvian dispute, serving as the point of departure, is situated within a broader regional context and examined through the lens of Martin Loughlin’s concept of ‘invisible constitution’.Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article - 2026-04-01
Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences
Aczel, BalazsSzaszi, BarnabasClelland, Harry T.Kovacs, MartonHolzmeister, Felixvan Ravenzwaaij, DonSchulz-Kümpel, HannahHoffmann, SabineNilsonne, GustavKosa, LiviaTorma, Zoltan A.Abdelfatah, YousufAberson, Christopher L.Acar, Oguz A.Acem, EnsarAdamkovic, MatusAdamovich, TimofeyAdiasto, KrisnaAhnström, LoveAkil, Atakan M.Al-Busaidi, Adil S.Al-Hoorie, Ali H.Albers, Casper J.Allen, Peter J.Alsalti, TaymAltman, MicahAlzahawi, ShilaanAmbrosini, EttoreAnafinova, SauleAnand, RahulAngerer, MartinAngulo-Brunet, AriadnaAntonietti, AlbertoArato, JozsefArenas, AndreuAviña, Marco M.Azevedo, FlavioBachl, MarkoBago, BenceBahník, ŠtěpánBaker, Bradley J.Balayan, ElzaBaldwin, Cassandra L.Banai, BenjaminBanas, KasiaBartoš, FrantišekBaskin, ErnestBastiaansen, Jojanneke A.Bault, NadègeBauman, Christopher W.Beazer, Quintin H.Behnke, MaciejBendixen, TheissBerger, SebastianBernard, AnnaBernardic, UrsaBloom, Paul A.Boldt, AnnikaBosch-Rosa, CirilBotvinik-Nezer, RotemBouyamourn, AdamBozkurt, OzgeBrehm, LaurelBreuer, JohannesBriggs, RyanBrohmer, HilmarBuchanan, ErinBuckenmaier, JohannesBuckley, JeffreyBurghart, MatthiasButt, Bilal H.Byrd, NickCafarelli, ValentinaCallahan, PatrickCapitán, TabaréCarriere, KevinCataldo, Andrea M.Cepaluni, GabrielChan, EugeneChandler, Jesse J.Chang, Chia-chenChen, XiChen, Shirley ShuoChen, FadongChen, HaoChirkov, ValeriiCialfi, DanielaClarke, BethCoelho, Sophie G.Cohen, ClaraCollins, JasonCook, Susan W.Corlazzoli, GaiaCummins, JamieCzymara, ChristianD’hondt, JonathanDalla Rosa, AnnaDavis, Abi M. B.Davis, Charles P.Day, Martin V.De Keyzer, Freyade Leeuw, Joshua R.de Vries, Tjeerd RudmerDebnath, RamitDechterenko, FilipDemiral, Elif E.Desgroseilliers, MarcDianovics, DominikDiveica, VeronicaDochow-Sondershaus, StephanDohle, SimoneDong, LiChenDora, JonasDorrough, Angela R.Dreber, AnnaDu, HongfeiEdlund, John E.Eerland, AnitaEfendić, EmirElder, JacobElsherif, Mahmoud M.Ernst, MareikeEstrada, EduardoEudave, LuisEvans, Thomas R.Farrera, ArodiFerrouhi, El MehdiFiala, LenkaFialho, Fabrício M.Fiechter, Joshua L.Fišar, MilošFlores-Kanter, Pablo EzequielFolwarczny, MichałFossum, Jessica L.Franco, Vithor R.Freichel, RenéFreire, DaniloFrese, JorisFurnas, Alexander C.Gaebler, Johann D.Gajary, Lisa C.Galang, Carl MichaelGanschow, BenjaminGarrison, S. MasonGasparotto Ponne, BrunoGauriot, RomainGeminiani, AliceGeraldes, DiogoGernsbacher, Morton AnnGiani, CinziaGlerean, EnricoGligorić, VukašinGnambs, TimoGodefroidt, AmélieGonzález-Bustamante, BastiánGoreis, AndreasGraf-Vlachy, LorenzGrieder, ManuelGrigoryev, DmitryGrinschgl, SandraGrüning, David J.Guassi Moreira, João F.Guichet, ClémentGurgand, LilasHabibnia, HoomanHafenbrack, Andrew C.Hafenbrädl, SebastianHäffner, CarolinHagemeister, FelixHaigh, MatthewHajdu, NandorHajimoladarvish, NargesHall, Jonathan D.Hamjediers, MaikHardwick, Robert M.Harma, MehmetHarp, Nicholas R.Hartvig, Áron D.Heiberger, Raphael H.Heim, ArthurHernæs, ØysteinHernaus, DennisHeyman, TomHicks, JoshuaHogeveen, JeremyHöpler, JuliaHoulihan, Sean DaeHuber, ChristophHughes, ConorHummler, TeresaHuth, KarolineIngendahl, MoritzIshii, TatsunoriIsler, OzanJackson, Iain R.Jahn, AndrewJain, MaitriJakubow, AlexanderJang, DaisungJang, JunHyeokJekel, MarcJia, FanliJiménez-Leal, WilliamJohnson, RebeccaJones, AlexJungkunz, SebastianKačmár, PavolKaiser, CasparKalaycı, YağmurKantorowicz, JaroslawKarabulut, AnılKarch, Julian D.Karimi-Rouzbahani, HamidA. Karl, JohannesKažemekaitytė, AustėjaKazlou, AliaksandrKekecs, ZoltanKim, JinKirchler, Michael H.Kiss-Dobronyi, BenceKlasmeier, Kai N.Klein, Jack W.Koba, CemalKołczyńska, MartaKolias, PavlosKolouch Grabovský, MatějKorbmacher, MaxKorda, ŽivaKowal, MartaKretzschmar, AndréKrivoshchekov, VladislavKrypotos, Angelos-MiltiadisKubsch, MarcusKunisato, YoshihikoLacko, DavidLandwehr, Jan R.Lange, MartinLee, HongmiLee, DanielLee, SangilLemay, Edward P.Lempert, DanielLeo, AndreaLesage, EliseLevin, Joel M.Li, PengLin, JingLindsay, LukeLisovoj, DariaLiu, MengLiu, SihongLiu, TingshuLo Iacono, SergioLodder, PaulLópez-Bueno, RubénLopez-Nicolas, RubenLoter, KatharinaLou, Nigel MantouLovakov, AndreyLu, Jackson G.Ludwig, JonasLuebber, FinnLukavský, JiříLuo, Charles Q.Lyu, XuanyuMaassen, EstherMáčel, MartinMack, Michael L.Madan, Christopher R.Mädebach, AndreasMaffly-Kipp, JosephMallinson, Daniel J.Marchetti, IgorMarghetis, TylerMarini, Matteo M.Marino Fages, DiegoMartínez, MayteMartinoli, MarioMasiliunas, AidasMassoni, SébastienMathieu, Kaleb C.Mayer, StefanMayer, Duncan J.Mayer, MarenMcCormick, Ethan M.McDonough, Ian M.McGowan, Amanda L.McIntyre, Miranda M.McKee, PaulMeier, Armando N.Meier, Pascal F.Melero, HelenaMerkle, ChristophMerz, RaphaelMichaelides, Michalis P.Michaelsen, PatrikMikolajczak, GosiaMill, WladislawMillroth, PhilipMiroshnik, Kirill G.Misiak, MichalMora, Youri L.Moreau, DavidMoreh, ChrisMorvinski, CobyMushtaq, FaisalNagy, TamásNater, ChristaNaumann, EliasNavarrete, GorkaNebe, StephanNedderhoff, AndreNennstiel, RichardNeugebauer, MartinNicolaisen-Sobesky, ElianaNielsen, Yngwie A.Niso, GuiomarNowak, BenjaminOkan, MehmetOng, KennethOnicas, Adrian I.Oswald, ChristianOtten, KasperPandey, ShubhamPantazi, MyrtoPapale, PaoloPärnamets, PhilipPauer, ShivaPavlov, Yuri G.Pawel, SamuelPeelle, Jonathan E.Peetz, Hannah K.Peez, AntonPesciarelli, FrancescaPeterson, Brenton D.Petruželka, BenjaminPetter, JonasPfänder, JanPfuhl, GeritPhillips, JosephPietryka, Matthew T.Pirrone, AngeloPit, Ilse L.Plachti, AnnaPlank, Irene SophiaPloner, MatteoPoldrack, Russell A.Pollmann, Monique M. H.Porcher, SimonPräg, PatrickPua, Andrew Adrian Y.Pugel, JessicaPuri, RohanPüski, MarcellRadkani, SetayeshRaes, LouisRafaï, IsmaëlRaiber, KlaraRathje, SteveRehms, RaphaelReshetnikov, MikhailReynolds, Caleb J.Reynolds, James P.Rigaud, KévinRioux, CharlieRivera, SebastianRobertson, OllyRomán-Caballero, RafaelRopovik, IvanRöseler, LukasRoss, Robert M.Rotella, AmandaRüffer, Franziska F.Rusche, FelixRusconi, MassimoRusso, IreneSahm, Alexander H. J.Salamon, JanosSamahita, MargaretSanaei, AliSangchooli, ArshiyaSarafoglou, AlexandraScandola, MicheleSchaak, HenningSchaerer, MichaelSchares, EricSchilling, Hayden T.Schmalz, XeniaSchmidt, KathleenSchonberg, TomSchreiner, Marcel R.Schröder, Joris M.Schubert, Anna-LenaSchuetze, BrendanSchultz, Douglas H.Schulze, LarsSchwartz, Shawn T.Schwitter, NicoleScoggins, BermondSeetahul, YashvinSeri, RaffaelloShanks, David R.Shaw, Stacy T.Shaw, JosephShen, QiangSiemroth, ChristophSladekova, MartinaSomo, AngelaSondhi, ArjunSonmez, BurakSpantig, LisaSpeekenbrink, MaartenStamos, AngelosStasielowicz, LukaszSteckermeier, Leonie C.Steinkamp, Simon R.Stoevenbelt, Andrea H.Street, Chris N. H.Suchow, Jordan W.Sunde, Hans FredrikSundquist, JamesSuschevskiy, VsevolodSwain, Scott D.Szecsi, PeterSzekely-Copîndean, Raluca D.Szumowska, EwaTacconelli, AlessandroTalbert, EliTang, John P.Tendeiro, Jorge N.Testori, MartinaToffalini, EnricoTomašević, AleksandarTopel, SelinTorkkeli, LasseTozzi, LeonardoTrinidad, AlexanderTrübutschek, DarinkaTurek, KonradUhlich, MaximilianeUhlmann, Eric L.Urbanska, KarolinaVan Assche, Jaspervan Assen, Marcel A. L. M.van Dongen, Noah N. N.van Lieshout, Kennyvan Veldhuizen, RoelVarga, Marton A.Vaughn, Leigh AnnVenczel, FruzsinaVezzoli, MichelaVierus, PaulVisalli, AntoninoVoldal, EmilyVotta, FabioWagenmakers, Eric-JanWaldendorf, AnicaWalker, Matthew J.Wall, Matthew B.Wallen, HenriWang, KeWang, IrisWang, Y. AndreWeinmann, MarkusWeiß, MartinWestheide, ChristianWichman, AaronWilcke, Juliane C.Williams, Benedict J.Wisniewski, DavidWoiczyk, Thomas K. A.Woźniak, MateuszWright, Joshua D.Youyou, WuWulff, Jesper N.Yang, TaoYeung, Siu KitYuen, Kenneth S. L.Zawistowski, MichałZein, Rizqy A.Zhao, XianZheng, ZefanZhou, StevenZiller, ConradZimmerman, DavidZogmaister, CristinaZultan, Ro’iFox, NicholasErrington, Timothy M.Nosek, Brian A.The same dataset can be analysed in different justifiable ways to answer the same research question, potentially challenging the robustness of empirical science1,2,3. In this crowd initiative, we investigated the degree to which research findings in the social and behavioural sciences are contingent on analysts’ choices. We examined a stratified random sample of 100 studies published between 2009 and 2018, in which, for one claim per study, at least five reanalysts independently reanalysed the original data. The statistical appropriateness of the reanalyses was assessed in peer evaluations, and the robustness indicators were inspected along a range of research characteristics and study designs. We found that 34% of the independent reanalyses yielded the same result (within a tolerance region of ±0.05 Cohen’s d) as the original report; with a four times broader tolerance region, this indicator increased to 57%. Of the reanalyses conducted, 74% reached the same conclusion as the original investigation, 24% yielded no effects or inconclusive results and 2% reported the opposite effect. This exploratory study indicates that the common single-path analyses in social and behavioural research should not be simply assumed to be robust to alternative analyses4. Therefore, we recommend the development and use of practices to explore and communicate this neglected source of uncertainty.Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article - 2026
The power of pretend: unveiling the role of play complexity in self-regulation among polish preschool children
Pretend play is crucial for preschool children’s cognitive and social development and has potential links to self-regulation. While prior research suggests associations between pretend play complexity and self-regulation, the relations between specific dimensions of pretend play and specific dimensions of self-regulation remain underexplored. This study examines associations between pretend play dimensions and behavioral and emotional self-regulation, expecting cognitive dimensions (organization, elaboration, imagination) to relate positively to behavioral regulation and the social interaction dimension to emotional regulation. Participants included 93 children (50.5% girls, Mage = 60.77 months, SD = 13.34) in Krakow, Poland. Pretend play was assessed using indicators of complexity and social relationships using observational assessments. Children’s behavioral self-regulation and emotion regulation was evaluated through direct assessments. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the organization aspect of pretend play (β = .38, p = .024) and age (β = 0.55, p < .001) were significant predictors of behavioral self-regulation. No significant predictors emerged for emotional self-regulation, and the explained variance was minimal (R2 = .07, p = .352). Structured pretend play may support behavioral self-regulation in preschoolers, while its role in emotional self-regulation remains unclear. Further research should explore additional play characteristics and contextual factors influencing self-regulation.Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article