Artykuły (zamknięty dostęp)
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- 2026-08-26
Letter to the editor: Application of mental simulation and implementation intentions in the therapeutic management of drug-resistant auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia – Preliminary study
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article - 2026-08-11
A Genocide Before the Genocide? Assessing the Massacres Against the Abagogwe in Rwanda in Legal Terms
For the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), the Rwandan Genocide started in April 1994 and ended in July of the same year, due to the relevant United Nations Security Council resolution, which tasked the ICTR to prosecute the genocide. In recent years, several authors have claimed that the genocide against the Tutsi to be preceded by another genocide: the massacres against the Bagogwe in the northern part of the country. In this article, we discuss the evidentiary background of these claims, assess them in terms of International Criminal Law and the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda with the aim to establish whether they fulfilled the criteria for a genocide. We emphasize the importance of the protected group criteria and the issue of the perpetrators’ genocidal intent. We conclude that the massacres against the Bagogwe fulfilled even the demanding requirements of the ICTR’s concept of crimes against humanity. However, at first sight, the Bagogwe seem to lack the necessary characteristics of a group protected by the Genocide Convention. By applying the Akayesu criteria of ‘any stable and permanent’ group and new research showing they were targeted not just as Tutsi but specificly as traditional cattle holding Tutsi, we propose to overcome this obstacle.Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article - 2025-10
Profesor Teresa Gardocka (1947-2025). Wspomnienie
Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article - 2026-06-23
Warunek zatrudnienia w estońskim CIT –rozważania w kontekście braku jego spełnienia w pierwszym roku opodatkowania ryczałtem
To opt for taxation under the flat-rate scheme for corporate income, a taxpayer must meet several conditions. One of them is the employment requirement. A taxpayer subject to this regime must employ a specified number of people. What is puzzling in this context (and has extremely significant practical implications) is whether a breach of this condition in the first year will result in the ZAW-RD becoming ineffective, or in the loss of the right to this tax preference at the end of the first year. If the first conclusion were correct, such a taxpayer would incur tax arrears, whereas in the second scenario, there would be no arrears. However, the conclusions drawn from a literal interpretation differ from those arising from a purposive interpretation. This article aims to verify which type of interpretation should be applied in this regard.Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article - 2026-08
The Impact of Mimicry on Tobacco Addiction
Tobacco addiction, a major cause of preventable death, requires an understanding of how it develops and is maintained. This paper examines mimicry as a ‘social glue’ in smokers' social interactions and its influence on the development and maintenance of smoking behaviour. A first laboratory experiment showed that nonverbal mimicry (physical actions, hand and arm movements and body posture) increases cigarette consumption due to increased liking for the mimicker, proving that mimicry not only binds (smokers) but first and foremost reduces chances for quitting smoking. The second experiment, conducted in a natural setting, showed that mimicry of smoking behaviour reduced the desire to quit smoking. This suggests that whilst mimicry acts as a strong ‘social glue’ amongst smokers, it also impedes efforts to quit. Thus, it seems that mimicry maintains smoking addiction and overcoming tobacco addiction might require severing the social bonds created by mimicry (e.g., smoking in solitary).Pozostałe osiągnięcia naukoweArtykuły (zamknięty dostęp)Journal article