Testing the structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale across 23 countries

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dc.abstract.enStudies on the structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) have produced mixed findings, supporting alternative representations of its general and wording-specific variance. The current study examined the dimensionality of the RSES across 23 country samples by comparing six structural models: a single-factor model, correlated and uncorrelated two-factor models, a hierarchical model, a conventional bifactor model, and a bifactor S-1 model. The sample comprised 11,876 respondents who completed the RSES and Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the conventional bifactor model generally provided the strongest approximate fit among admissible solutions, although it produced nonconvergence or improper solutions in several samples. The bifactor S-1 model showed greater estimation stability, converging without improper solutions in all 23 samples, but generally provided weaker approximate fit. Measurement invariance of the conventional bifactor model was examined across 17 eligible country samples. Threshold invariance was supported, whereas full and targeted partial loading-invariance models were inadmissible, indicating that loading invariance could not be established. Overall, the findings support a comparatively well-defined general self-esteem factor accompanied by heterogeneous wording-specific variance, while cautioning against assuming measurement equivalence across country samples or interpreting wording-specific factors as exclusively substantive or methodological.
dc.affiliationSWPS Warszawa Psychologia
dc.affiliationWydział Psychologii w Warszawie
dc.affiliationInstytut Psychologii
dc.contributor.authorCekrlija, Đorđe
dc.contributor.authorAitken Schermer, Julie
dc.contributor.authorKulakow, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorUrban, Marek
dc.contributor.authorUrban, Kamila
dc.contributor.authorLu, Ping
dc.contributor.authorWang, Wei
dc.contributor.authorMilos Rokvic, Nikola
dc.contributor.authorDojcinovski, Ilija
dc.contributor.authorAquino, Sibele
dc.contributor.authorThi Thu Huyen, Bui
dc.contributor.authorCallizo, Carmen
dc.contributor.authorDi Blas, Lisa
dc.contributor.authorFakhri, Nurfitriany
dc.contributor.authorGrowiec, Katarzyna
dc.contributor.authorHakoköngäs, Eemeli
dc.contributor.authorHrekes, Yamen
dc.contributor.authorIliško, Džintra
dc.contributor.authorLind Hjördísar Jónsdóttir, Harpa
dc.contributor.authorKalagurka, Bogdan
dc.contributor.authorKiyonari, Toko
dc.contributor.authorKolisnyk, Lyudmyla
dc.contributor.authorLiik, Kadi
dc.contributor.authorLins, Samuel
dc.contributor.authorMamede, Salome
dc.contributor.authorNardin, Valentina
dc.contributor.authorPapazova, Eva
dc.contributor.authorNaranath Mohammedali, Shereena
dc.contributor.authorStrikovic, Vojin
dc.contributor.authorTrzebiński, Jerzy
dc.contributor.authorVolkodav, Tatiana
dc.contributor.authorWłodarczyk, Anna
dc.contributor.authorZečević, Ivan
dc.contributor.authorZibenberg, Daniela
dc.contributor.authorStoyanova, Stanisława
dc.contributor.authorReitz, Anne K.
dc.date.access2026-11-12
dc.date.accessioned2026-11-12T11:43:13Z
dc.date.available2026-11-12T11:43:13Z
dc.date.created2026-10-20
dc.date.issued2027-03
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.physical1-14
dc.description.sdgNoSDGsAreRelevantForThisPublication
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume267
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.paid.2026.114142
dc.identifier.issn0191-8869
dc.identifier.urihttps://share.swps.edu.pl/handle/swps/2750
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886926005064?dgcid=rss_sd_all
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationpsychologia
dc.rightsClosedAccess
dc.rights.explanationzamknięty dostęp
dc.rights.questionNo_rights
dc.share.articleOTHER
dc.subject.enSelf-esteem
dc.subject.enRosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
dc.subject.enDimensionality
dc.subject.enMeasurement invariance
dc.subject.enCross-cultural assessment
dc.swps.sciencecloudsend
dc.titleTesting the structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale across 23 countries
dc.title.journalPersonality and Individual Differences
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typeArticle