Testing the structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale across 23 countries
Testing the structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale across 23 countries
StatusVoR
Alternative title
Authors
Cekrlija, Đorđe
Aitken Schermer, Julie
Kulakow, Stefan
Urban, Marek
Urban, Kamila
Lu, Ping
Wang, Wei
Milos Rokvic, Nikola
Dojcinovski, Ilija
Aquino, Sibele
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Date
2027-03
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Personality and Individual Differences
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Volume
267
Pages
Pages
1-14
ISSN
0191-8869
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Access date
2026-11-12
Abstract PL
Abstract EN
Studies on the structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) have produced mixed findings, supporting alternative representations of its general and wording-specific variance. The current study examined the dimensionality of the RSES across 23 country samples by comparing six structural models: a single-factor model, correlated and uncorrelated two-factor models, a hierarchical model, a conventional bifactor model, and a bifactor S-1 model. The sample comprised 11,876 respondents who completed the RSES and Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the conventional bifactor model generally provided the strongest approximate fit among admissible solutions, although it produced nonconvergence or improper solutions in several samples. The bifactor S-1 model showed greater estimation stability, converging without improper solutions in all 23 samples, but generally provided weaker approximate fit. Measurement invariance of the conventional bifactor model was examined across 17 eligible country samples. Threshold invariance was supported, whereas full and targeted partial loading-invariance models were inadmissible, indicating that loading invariance could not be established. Overall, the findings support a comparatively well-defined general self-esteem factor accompanied by heterogeneous wording-specific variance, while cautioning against assuming measurement equivalence across country samples or interpreting wording-specific factors as exclusively substantive or methodological.
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Keywords PL
Keywords EN
Self-esteem
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Dimensionality
Measurement invariance
Cross-cultural assessment
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Dimensionality
Measurement invariance
Cross-cultural assessment
Keywords other
Sustainable Development Goals
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