The Polish Version of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire: Preliminary Psychometric Properties and Links with Parental Burnout, Mental Health Outcomes, and Emotion Beliefs

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cris.lastimport.scopus2025-12-14T04:17:37Z
dc.abstract.enBackground/Objectives: This study presents a brief report on the preliminary psychometric properties of a first Polish version of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire. The PACER measures ten emotion regulation (ER) strategies parents use to assist their children in their ER. We aimed to examine PACER’s internal consistency reliability, convergent, divergent and discriminant validity. Methods: The sample included 74 Polish-speaking parents aged from 27 to 50, recruited in 2025. Along with the PACER, we used a robust set of psychometric tools for measuring parental burnout, anxiety and depression symptoms, somatic complaints, well-being, and beliefs about emotions. Results: All PACER subscale scores demonstrated good-to-excellent internal consistency reliability (i.e., Cronbach’s alpha of ≥0.83). Encouraging adaptive strategies (e.g., reappraisal) in one’s children was associated with better outcomes (e.g., lower parental burnout and psychopathology symptoms), whereas maladaptive strategies (e.g., avoidance) were associated with worse outcomes. We also demonstrated that PACER strategy scores were statistically separable from maladaptive beliefs about emotions, indicating good discriminant validity. Conclusions: Overall, the Polish PACER demonstrated promising psychometric properties and strong clinical relevance. These findings can help to inform interventions targeted at improving parents’ capacity to help their children regulate emotions, which in turn may help to prevent parental burnout.
dc.affiliationWydział Psychologii w Sopocie
dc.affiliationInstytut Psychologii
dc.contributor.authorLarionow, Paweł
dc.contributor.authorMazur, Monika
dc.contributor.authorPilarska, Natalia
dc.contributor.authorMudło-Głagolska, Karolina
dc.contributor.authorSzczygieł, Dorota
dc.contributor.authorPreece, David A.
dc.date.access2025-10-22
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-04T10:05:23Z
dc.date.available2025-11-04T10:05:23Z
dc.date.created2025-10-20
dc.date.issued2025-10-22
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.issue11
dc.description.physical1-20
dc.description.sdgGoodHealthAndWellBeing
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume12
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/children12111428
dc.identifier.eissn2227-9067
dc.identifier.urihttps://share.swps.edu.pl/handle/swps/1937
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/11/1428
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationpsychologia
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.rights.questionYes_rights
dc.share.articleOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enanxiety
dc.subject.enchild emotion regulation
dc.subject.endepression
dc.subject.enemotion beliefs
dc.subject.enparental burnout
dc.subject.enpsychometric properties
dc.subject.enpsychopathology
dc.subject.enquestionnaire
dc.subject.ensomatic complaints
dc.subject.enwell-being
dc.swps.sciencecloudsend
dc.titleThe Polish Version of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire: Preliminary Psychometric Properties and Links with Parental Burnout, Mental Health Outcomes, and Emotion Beliefs
dc.title.journalChildren
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typeArticle