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- 2021-09-01
Burakumin in class context of Japan
Korzeniowska, EwaKorpysa, JarosławNiedźwiedzka-Rystwej, PaulinaThe aim of this paper is to analyze how the Burakumin minority has been represented in Japanese and Western intellectual traditions, and scholarly literature. It argues that modern Burakumin are an example of an invented tradition (as described by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger), resulting in creating a long lasting image of this group and influencing how they are perceived by modern Japanese society. Burakumin is a minority group in Japan that is still a subject of discrimination. Being a part of the Japanese society, they still are victims of prejudice and stereotypes coming from the pre-modern reference to jobs regarded as "unclean" or "contaminated". Burakumin (Japanese 部落 民, literally: people from the settlement) minority group, who are ethnically, culturally and linguistically indistinguishable from other inhabitants of Japan (hence they are called "the invisible minority"), are still victims of prejudices and stereotypes that go back into the past. Discriminatory practices are based on the conviction that ancestors of modern Burakumin were performing professions considered in pre-modern Japan as "unclean" or "contaminated". In modernity Burakumin discrimination was being described using various theoretical approaches. Available sources viewed Burakumin as being caste-like [June A. Gordon, 2017; De Vos, Wagatsuma, 1964, Donoghue 1966]. Burakumin were also called a minority group, a social minority [Weiner, 2002], a race in a non-racial society [Debito Arudou, 2015, Siddle 2011], however, those issues have not been resolved unequivocally by researchers. Burakumin, according to various estimates, account for 2 to 3 million people [Sugimoto 2014], and represent approximately 2-2.5% of Japanese society. Until today, discrimination against Burakumin has been regarded as taboo in Japan [Weiner 1997]. The largest Buraku (the settlements, districts and villages inhabited by Burakumin) were located in the prefectures: Osaka, Kyoto, Hyogo, Fukuoka, Hiroshima and Tokyo, which are areas considered both in the past and today as the cultural centers of Japan. However, there are no Buraku on Okinawa and Hokkaido, which were incorporated into Japan in the 19th century. There are contradictory statements whether there is any continuity between Burakumin and people from Eta/Hinin groups that were the object of discrimination in premodern Japan, mailny Edo Period (1601-1868). Based on the collected materials [Weiner, 2002, Amos 2011, Kobayakawa 2020], it is difficult to conclude that there was one model of the formation of Buraku, common to all Japanese regions. What is established in research is that they have been discriminated against, separated from the majority of society and have suffered most from poverty [Amos 2011, De Vos 1964, Upham 1988]. However, according to Akira Kobayakawa [Kobayakawa 2020], Burakumin were the product of early Japanese capitalism treated by Japanese government as a form of low paid workforce. This paper will undertake a study of class issues related to the situation of the Burakumin minority in Japan. Is the present position of this group in Japanese society influenced by issues related to the type of social hierarchy that existed in the past and functions today? The main research question is: is Burakumin a class, caste, stratum, group, state, or some other type of collective entity? Do Burakumin identify with the so-called popular class in Japan? Does research make such a distinction? The most important thing will be to reconstruct and present to the Polish reader a contemporary discourse on social classes in international literature, with particular emphasis on works on Japan [Sugimoto 2014, Hashimoto and Miyasaka 2000]. The understanding of class issues depends on how concepts derived from Western social sciences in Japan are understood and implemented in the Japanese discourse of humanities and social sciences. Based on the theories of Anderson [Anderson, 1983] and Hobsbawm [Hobsbawm, Ranger, 1983], the work argues that the social phenomenon called Burakumin is a product of Japanese early capitalism and that there is not enough evidence to identify modern Burakumin with historical group Eta / Hinin. It will further explore from the class perspective, based on the theory of Ralf Daherendorf, how Burakumin maintain their own differences and how they position themselves compared to other classes in Japanese society.Otwarty dostępMonografieMonograph Chapter (Conference proceedings) - 2024-07
Using eye tracking to enhance the efficiency and safety of tram drivers - designing visual attention training
The research is part of a collaborative doctoral project between the Eye-Tracking Research Center at SWPS University in Warsaw and Warsaw Trams Ltd. Two comparative eye-tracking studies were conducted involving both novice and expert tram drivers to describe visual behavior during tram operation accurately. Analysis of the eye-tracking data provided valuable insights into key moments for driving safety, guiding the development of an optimal training program for novice tram operators. This paper presents preliminary ideas for the planned training, incorporating modern technologies such as eye tracking and augmented reality.Otwarty dostępMonografieMonograph Chapter (Conference proceedings) - 2024-06-04
Legal Design Forum. Teksty wybrane 1
15 września 2023 roku miała miejsce trzecia edycja Legal Design Forum zorganizowanego przez Katedrę Grafiki oraz Katedrę Prawa wrocławskiej filii Uniwersytetu SWPS. Jako organizatorzy z roku na rok odnotowujemy coraz większe zainteresowanie wydarzeniem, a co istotniejsze – również coraz więcej interdyscyplinarnych przedsięwzięć z zastosowaniem legal design (thinking) skutkujących badawczymi i wdrożeniowymi rezultatami. Obserwujemy ten rozwój z dużym zaciekawieniem i dokładamy starań, aby za pośrednictwem ukierunkowanych inicjatyw na pograniczu dyscyplin i branż aktywnie je współkształtować. Cieszymy się, że Teksty wybrane Legal Design Forum mogą być kolejną tego rodzaju inicjatywą. Powołujemy ją, aby, po pierwsze, dokumentować różne aspekty i formy działań organizujących się w przestrzeni legal design, łączącej inicjatywy, które w proponowanych ideach i rozwiązaniach wykraczają poza standardy określone dla nauki i praktyki prawa. Przedstawione w załączonych tekstach i ilustracjach wyniki badań i projektów są tego przykładem. Po drugie, zapraszamy za pomocą tej publikacyjnej formy do interdyscyplinarnej dyskusji, w ramach której chcemy spojrzeć na potencjał organizacji zmiany przez design z różnych perspektyw, eksplorować funkcje podejścia legal design, uczyć (się) ich zastosowania w obszarze prawa na co dzień.Otwarty dostępMonografieMonograph Edition (Conference proceedings) - 2024
Empiria w legal design — studium przypadku
Otwarty dostępMonografieMonograph Chapter (Conference proceedings) - 2023-07
Grounded theory and psychological research
Thornberg, RobertKeane, ElaineCooper, HarrisCoutanche, Marc N.McMullen, Linda M.Panter, A. T.Rindskopf, DavidSher, Kenneth J.Grounded theory (GT) is a qualitative, explorative, systematic, and data-driven research approach designed to generate a middle-range theory on the studied phenomenon. In contrast to grand theories that make universal claims across time and space, middle-range theories (Merton, 1968) have “limited scope and refer to certain societies, cultures or specific social cultures” (Kelle, 2019, p. 82). In the GT tradition, a middle-range theory means that the constructed theory is delimited to a social phenomenon such as, for example, everyday coping with social anxiety, negotiating social roles in particular workplaces, bystander intervention in school bullying, problem-solving processes in certain small groups, living with anorexia nervosa, and managing student misbehavior in classrooms. GT is particularly helpful for examining individual, social psychological, organizational and wider social processes, interaction patterns, and participants’ actions, interpretations, and understandings (Charmaz, 2006, 2014; Thornberg & Charmaz, 2012, 2014; Thornberg & Keane, 2022). By being explorative and data-driven, this method is usually described in the literature as an inductive method (e.g., Glaser, 1978; Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Induction here means that the researcher examines empirical and individual cases or instances to interpret patterns and make general statements, which are grounded in data but always considered as hypothetical and provisional. GT is, however, driven not only by induction but also abduction, which is acknowledged by a growing number of GT researchers as a significant logic of inquiry (Bryant, 2017; Charmaz, 2014; Clarke et al., 2018; Flick, 2018; Reichertz, 2019; Thornberg, 2012; Thornberg & Keane, 2022). Abduction refers to a selective and creative process in which the researchers carefully examine which hypothesis explains a particular case or part of data better than any other. It is akin to working as a detective in a search for patterns and best possible understandings and explanations (Bryant, 2009; Carson, 2009; Eco & Sebeok, 1988; Lipton, 2007; Thornberg, 2022; Truzzi, 1976). The logic of inquiry in GT can, therefore, be considered as an interplay between induction and abduction, in which the grounded theorist moves back and forth between both during the whole research process (Charmaz et al., 2018; Thornberg & Charmaz, 2012, 2014; for further reading on induction and abduction, see Kennedy & Thornberg, 2018; Thornberg, 2022). GT research is also an iterative process, which means that data collection and analysis take place in parallel and inform each other. The researcher moves back and forth between gathering and analyzing data. By being a systematic method, GT offers a set of rigorous yet flexible guidelines to collect and analyze data. Bryant (2017) argued that systematic should not be confused with recipe-like, mechanical operations but should be understood as “an approach to research that is most certainly not ad hoc, but on the contrary is guided by well-founded activities that have been clearly articulated in the form of a set of heuristics or rules-of-thumb” (p. 90). This, in turn, calls for an active, sensitive, and reflexive researcher. Grounded theorists need to be open-minded, curious, empathic and sensitive toward the field and the participants. In this chapter, we first trace the development of GT and its versions. From a constructivist GT perspective, we then examine the role of the literature review. Moving on to data collection, we emphasize the central role of theoretical sampling in GT and consider the various stages of coding and the function of memo-writing throughout the research process. We end by considering criteria for quality in GT studies.Otwarty dostępMonografieMonograph Chapter