Depression during the COVID‐19 pandemic among people living with HIV: Are low HIV/AIDS stigma and high perceived emotional support protective resources?

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cris.lastimport.scopus2025-04-11T03:14:18Z
dc.abstract.enThis study has two objectives: first, to examine changes in depressive symptoms among people living with HIV (PLWH) during the COVID‐19 pandemic and, second, to verify the role of HIV/AIDS stigma and perceived emotional support (PES) in the heterogeneity of these changes. The participants were 392 people with a medical diagnosis of HIV who have undergone antiretroviral therapy. Depression was measured at three time points with 6‐month intervals using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D). PES was evaluated with the Berlin Social Support Scales, and HIV/AIDS‐related stigma was assessed with the Berger HIV Stigma Scale. Latent growth class modelling identified four trajectories of depression over the study period: three stable (very high, high, and very low) and one increasing. Both the very high and high stable trajectories had baseline values above the CES‐D cut‐off point for depression, suggesting that 57.6% of the sample was likely to be diagnosed with depression. After controlling for sociodemographic and clinical variables, stigma and PES were found to be significant covariates of the obtained trajectories; however, they did not protect against an increase in depression symptoms. There was no overall increase in depression symptoms among the PLWH participants during the pandemic, but this change in depression symptoms was heterogeneous. We observed the potential development of depression in initially well‐functioning individuals despite their personal resources differing only slightly from those who remained resilient.
dc.affiliationInstytut Psychologii
dc.affiliationWydział Psychologii w Warszawie
dc.contributor.authorEwa Gruszczyńska
dc.contributor.authorRzeszutek, Marcin
dc.date.access2023-10
dc.date.accessioned2023-11-08T10:23:08Z
dc.date.available2023-11-08T10:23:08Z
dc.date.created2023-10
dc.date.issued2023-10
dc.description.abstract<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>This study has two objectives: first, to examine changes in depressive symptoms among people living with HIV (PLWH) during the COVID‐19 pandemic and, second, to verify the role of HIV/AIDS stigma and perceived emotional support (PES) in the heterogeneity of these changes. The participants were 392 people with a medical diagnosis of HIV who have undergone antiretroviral therapy. Depression was measured at three time points with 6‐month intervals using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D). PES was evaluated with the Berlin Social Support Scales, and HIV/AIDS‐related stigma was assessed with the Berger HIV Stigma Scale. Latent growth class modelling identified four trajectories of depression over the study period: three stable (very high, high, and very low) and one increasing. Both the very high and high stable trajectories had baseline values above the CES‐D cut‐off point for depression, suggesting that 57.6% of the sample was likely to be diagnosed with depression. After controlling for sociodemographic and clinical variables, stigma and PES were found to be significant covariates of the obtained trajectories; however, they did not protect against an increase in depression symptoms. There was no overall increase in depression symptoms among the PLWH participants during the pandemic, but this change in depression symptoms was heterogeneous. We observed the potential development of depression in initially well‐functioning individuals despite their personal resources differing only slightly from those who remained resilient.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimebefore_publication
dc.description.grantnumberNCN nr 2019/35/B/ HS6/00141
dc.description.granttitlePoczucie stygmatu HIV/AIDS i jego mechanizmy u osób zakażanych wirusem HIV: Rola stresu mniejszościowego i wsparcia społecznego w dwóch perspektywach temporalnych.
dc.description.issue4
dc.description.physical884-893
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume39
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/smi.3231
dc.identifier.issn1532-3005
dc.identifier.issn1532-2998
dc.identifier.urihttps://share.swps.edu.pl/handle/swps/128
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationpsychologia
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.rights.questionYes_rights
dc.share.articleOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enCOVID‐19
dc.subject.endepression
dc.subject.enHIV/AIDS
dc.subject.enHIV/AIDS stigma
dc.subject.ensocial support
dc.swps.sciencecloudsend
dc.titleDepression during the COVID‐19 pandemic among people living with HIV: Are low HIV/AIDS stigma and high perceived emotional support protective resources?
dc.title.journalStress and Health
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typeArticle