Metadata Dublin Core How Norms Depend on the Presence and Status of Observers: The Relational Contingency of Everyday Behaviors in 90 Societies
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| cris.lastimport.scopus | 2026-10-17T03:10:16Z | |
| dc.abstract.en | Norms are fundamental to social life, but basic questions about how they are affected by social context remain. Specifically, how do normative constraints depend on the presence and status of observers, and how do such relational contingencies vary across cultures? Using data from more than 25,000 individuals across 90 societies, we test several hypotheses linking normative constraints on everyday behaviors (like arguing, laughing, cursing, kissing, and crying), to the presence and status of observers. We find that behaviors widely viewed as appropriate in private become more constrained in the presence of others (an observer effect), and even more so when those others are higher in status (a status effect). Both observer and status effects are culturally universal, but the observer effect shows more variation across cultures. In particular, we find that observer effects are larger in societies that emphasize individualizing moral foundations, that is, avoiding harm and unfairness to others, because these societies are more permissive of actions when others are not around. The relative stability of status effects across cultural contexts suggests a universal tendency to defer in social hierarchies. These findings shed light on the relational contingency of everyday norms and underscore the role of such norms in the maintenance of social order and reproduction of inequality. | |
| dc.abstract.pl | Normy odgrywają fundamentalną rolę w życiu społecznym, jednak wciąż pozostają otwarte podstawowe pytania dotyczące tego, w jaki sposób wpływa na nie kontekst społeczny. W szczególności, w jakim stopniu ograniczenia normatywne zależą od obecności obserwatorów i ich statusu społecznego oraz jak te uwarunkowania relacyjne różnią się między kulturami? Wykorzystując dane pochodzące od ponad 25 000 osób z 90 społeczeństw, testujemy kilka hipotez dotyczących związku między ograniczeniami normatywnymi odnoszącymi się do codziennych zachowań (takich jak kłócenie się, śmiech, przeklinanie, całowanie i płacz) a obecnością obserwatorów oraz ich statusem społecznym. Wyniki wskazują, że zachowania powszechnie uznawane za dopuszczalne w sytuacjach prywatnych podlegają większym ograniczeniom w obecności innych osób (efekt obserwatora), a ograniczenia te nasilają się jeszcze bardziej, gdy obecne osoby zajmują wyższą pozycję w hierarchii społecznej (efekt statusu). Zarówno efekt obserwatora, jak i efekt statusu mają charakter uniwersalny kulturowo, jednak efekt obserwatora wykazuje większe zróżnicowanie między kulturami. W szczególności stwierdzamy, że efekt obserwatora jest silniejszy w społeczeństwach, które kładą nacisk na indywidualizujące fundamenty moralne, czyli na unikanie krzywdzenia innych i niesprawiedliwego traktowania ich. W społeczeństwach tych większa jest bowiem tolerancja dla określonych działań w sytuacjach, gdy nie ma w pobliżu innych osób. Względna stabilność efektu statusu w różnych kontekstach kulturowych wskazuje na uniwersalną skłonność do podporządkowywania się hierarchiom społecznym. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają lepiej zrozumieć relacyjne uwarunkowania codziennych norm społecznych oraz podkreślają rolę tych norm w podtrzymywaniu porządku społecznego i reprodukowaniu nierówności. | |
| dc.affiliation | Instytut Psychologii | |
| dc.affiliation | Wydział Psychologii w Warszawie | |
| dc.contributor.author | Simpson, Brent | |
| dc.contributor.author | Eriksson, Kimmo | |
| dc.contributor.author | Vartanova, Irina | |
| dc.contributor.author | Strimling, Pontus | |
| dc.contributor.author | Merchan Tamayo, J. Paola | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ahmed Abdi, Khalid | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ad, Neta | |
| dc.contributor.author | Aldashev, Alisher | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ali, Habib Mohammad | |
| dc.contributor.author | Alì, Maurizio | |
| dc.contributor.author | Aliyev, Khatai | |
| dc.contributor.author | Alrefaee, Yasser | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ortiz, Alberth Estuardo Alvarado | |
| dc.contributor.author | Andersson, Per A. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Andrighetto, Giulia | |
| dc.contributor.author | Arikan, Gizem | |
| dc.contributor.author | Aruta, John Jamir Benzon R. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Lutete Ayikwa, Christian | |
| dc.contributor.author | Baños-Chaparro, Jonatan | |
| dc.contributor.author | Barrera, Davide | |
| dc.contributor.author | Batkeyev, Birzhan | |
| dc.contributor.author | Batool, Azma | |
| dc.contributor.author | Berezina, Elizaveta | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ngandu Bimina, Stéphanie | |
| dc.contributor.author | Björnstjerna, Marie | |
| dc.contributor.author | Blumen, Sheyla | |
| dc.contributor.author | Boski, Paweł | |
| dc.contributor.author | Boštjančič, Eva | |
| dc.contributor.author | Boum, Yap | |
| dc.contributor.author | Briguglio, Marie | |
| dc.contributor.author | Thi Thu Bui, Huyen | |
| dc.contributor.author | Caycho-Rodríguez, Tomas | |
| dc.contributor.author | Chen, Yanyan | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kudzai Chiweshe, Manase | |
| dc.contributor.author | Choi, HoonSeok | |
| dc.contributor.author | Contreras-Ibáñez, Carlos C. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Čorkalo, DInka | |
| dc.contributor.author | Cruz-Torres, Christian E. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Czakó, Andrea | |
| dc.contributor.author | de Zoysa, Piyanjali | |
| dc.contributor.author | Demetrovics, Zsolt | |
| dc.contributor.author | Dinić, Bojana M. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Drače,Saša | |
| dc.contributor.author | El-Haddad, Rita W. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Engelmann, Jan B. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Escudero Pérez, Ignacio | |
| dc.contributor.author | Euh, Hyun | |
| dc.contributor.author | Fang, Xia | |
| dc.contributor.author | Frank, Celine | |
| dc.contributor.author | Freidin, Esteban | |
| dc.contributor.author | Fulop, Marta | |
| dc.contributor.author | Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer | |
| dc.contributor.author | García Jiménez, Mauro Alberto | |
| dc.contributor.author | Gardarsdottir, Ragna B. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Gavreliuc, Alin | |
| dc.contributor.author | Gill, Colin Mathew Hugues D. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Gjoneska, Biljana | |
| dc.contributor.author | Glöckner, Andreas | |
| dc.contributor.author | Graf, Sylvie | |
| dc.contributor.author | Grigoryan, Ani | |
| dc.contributor.author | Growiec, Katarzyna | |
| dc.contributor.author | Haas, Brian W. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Haddock, Geoffrey | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hadjisolomou, Stavros P. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hadžiahmetović, Nina | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ali, Mohammad Hosein Haji Mohammad | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hakoköngäs, Eemeli | |
| dc.contributor.author | Halama, Peter | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hapunda, Given | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hartanto, Andree | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hazrati, Mahsa | |
| dc.contributor.author | Herbas-Torrico, Boris Christian | |
| dc.contributor.author | Holka, Szilárd | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hřebíčková, Martina | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hunter, John A. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ibikounle, Moudachirou | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ilisko, Dzintra | |
| dc.contributor.author | Hjördísar Jónsdóttir, Harpa Lind | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kaminskiene, Zivile | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kapoor, Hansika | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kapović, Iva | |
| dc.contributor.author | Karim, Gassemi | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kawakami, Kerry | |
| dc.contributor.author | Khachatryan, Narine | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kirschner, Julian B. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kiruja, Johan | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kiyonari, Toko | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kohút, Michal | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kousar, Shazia | |
| dc.contributor.author | Krasniqi, Besnik | |
| dc.contributor.author | Landa-Blanco, Miguel | |
| dc.contributor.author | Landon, Barbara | |
| dc.contributor.author | Lep, Žan | |
| dc.contributor.author | Leslie, Lisa M. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Li, Yang | |
| dc.contributor.author | Liik, Kadi | |
| dc.contributor.author | Lin, Ming-Jen | |
| dc.contributor.author | Lobos Rivera, Marlon Elias | |
| dc.contributor.author | López-López, Wilson | |
| dc.contributor.author | Maloku, Edona | |
| dc.contributor.author | Mandal, Mohona | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ananias Manhique, Bernardo | |
| dc.contributor.author | Mpeti Mbende, Nathan | |
| dc.contributor.author | Mendes Teixeira, Maria Luisa | |
| dc.contributor.author | Mohammed, Linda Lila | |
| dc.contributor.author | Moore, Schontal N. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Moraligil, Bahar | |
| dc.contributor.author | Muradzada, Nijat | |
| dc.contributor.author | Nanda, Herwin | |
| dc.contributor.author | Nastina, Ekaterina | |
| dc.contributor.author | Nejat, Pegah | |
| dc.contributor.author | Nettle, Daniel | |
| dc.contributor.author | Nipassa, Orlando Julio Andre | |
| dc.contributor.author | Noe-Grijalva, Martin | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ntampaka, Pie | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ntone, Rodrigue | |
| dc.contributor.author | Nussinson, Ravit | |
| dc.contributor.author | Oljača, Milan | |
| dc.contributor.author | Onyedire, Nneoma G. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Onyishi, Ike E. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Panagiotopoulou, Penny | |
| dc.contributor.author | Parvez, Md. Shahin | |
| dc.contributor.author | Pasin, Gian Luca | |
| dc.contributor.author | Pedović, Ivana | |
| dc.contributor.author | de León, Pablo Pérez | |
| dc.contributor.author | Perez Floriano, Lorena R. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Persson, Minna | |
| dc.contributor.author | Pop-Jordanova, Nada | |
| dc.contributor.author | Portillo, Jose Roberto | |
| dc.contributor.author | Potang, Angela | |
| dc.contributor.author | Quesada-Román, Adolfo | |
| dc.contributor.author | Raver, Jana L. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Rodrigues, Ricardo B. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Rodríguez-Romero, Juan Diego | |
| dc.contributor.author | Romanò, Sara | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ross, Robert M. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Rosun, Nachita | |
| dc.contributor.author | Sadiković, Selka | |
| dc.contributor.author | San Martin, Alvaro | |
| dc.contributor.author | Smederevac, Snežana | |
| dc.contributor.author | Smith, Sarah Jane | |
| dc.contributor.author | Soboleva, Natalia | |
| dc.contributor.author | Erena Sonessa, Daniel | |
| dc.contributor.author | Stanley, Samantha K. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Stoyanova, Kristina | |
| dc.contributor.author | Stoyanov, Drozdstoy | |
| dc.contributor.author | Takemura, Kosuke | |
| dc.contributor.author | Thøgersen, John | |
| dc.contributor.author | Tiliouine, Habib | |
| dc.contributor.author | Tung, Hans | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ulambayar, Tungalag | |
| dc.contributor.author | Uzdavinyte, Elize Marija | |
| dc.contributor.author | Waechter, Randall | |
| dc.contributor.author | Wu, Junhui | |
| dc.contributor.author | Yambiyo, Brice Martial | |
| dc.contributor.author | Yankson, Eric | |
| dc.contributor.author | Yeh, Kuang-Hui | |
| dc.contributor.author | Van Lange, Paul A. M. | |
| dc.date.access | 2026-08-27 | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-10-16T10:29:42Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-10-16T10:29:42Z | |
| dc.date.created | 2026-05-14 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2026-08-27 | |
| dc.description.abstract | <jats:p>Norms are fundamental to social life, but basic questions about how they are affected by social context remain. Specifically, how do normative constraints depend on the presence and status of observers, and how do such relational contingencies vary across cultures? Using data from more than 25,000 individuals across 90 societies, we test several hypotheses linking normative constraints on everyday behaviors (like arguing, laughing, cursing, kissing, and crying), to the presence and status of observers. We find that behaviors widely viewed as appropriate in private become more constrained in the presence of others (an observer effect), and even more so when those others are higher in status (a status effect). Both observer and status effects are culturally universal, but the observer effect shows more variation across cultures. In particular, we find that observer effects are larger in societies that emphasize individualizing moral foundations, that is, avoiding harm and unfairness to others, because these societies are more permissive of actions when others are not around. The relative stability of status effects across cultural contexts suggests a universal tendency to defer in social hierarchies. These findings shed light on the relational contingency of everyday norms and underscore the role of such norms in the maintenance of social order and reproduction of inequality.</jats:p> | |
| dc.description.accesstime | at_publication | |
| dc.description.grantnumber | 2019/35/B/HS6/01421 | |
| dc.description.granttitle | Potrzeba poznawczego domknięcia, samoocena oraz sprawczość i wspólnotowość a uczestnictwo w sieciach społecznych | |
| dc.description.issue | 5 | |
| dc.description.physical | 709-730 | |
| dc.description.sdg | NoSDGsAreRelevantForThisPublication | |
| dc.description.version | final_published | |
| dc.description.volume | 91 | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.1177/00031224261464586 | |
| dc.identifier.eissn | 1939-8271 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 0003-1224 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://share.swps.edu.pl/handle/swps/2624 | |
| dc.identifier.weblink | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00031224261464586 | |
| dc.language | en | |
| dc.pbn.affiliation | psychologia | |
| dc.rights | CC-BY | |
| dc.rights.question | Yes_rights | |
| dc.share.article | OTHER | |
| dc.subject.en | social norms | |
| dc.subject.en | status hierarchies | |
| dc.subject.en | cross-cultural sociology | |
| dc.subject.en | moral foundations | |
| dc.subject.en | social psychology | |
| dc.subject.pl | normy społeczne | |
| dc.subject.pl | hierarchia społeczna | |
| dc.subject.pl | fundamenty moralne | |
| dc.subject.pl | psychologia społeczna | |
| dc.subject.pl | psychologia międzykulturowa | |
| dc.swps.sciencecloud | send | |
| dc.title | How Norms Depend on the Presence and Status of Observers: The Relational Contingency of Everyday Behaviors in 90 Societies | |
| dc.title.journal | American Sociological Review | |
| dc.type | JournalArticle | |
| dspace.entity.type | Article |
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